Rural Socioeconomic Survey 2011-2012 - Ethiopia

Abstract
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The Ethiopian Rural Socioeconomic Survey (ERSS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between agriculture and other sectors of the economy. The project also aims to build capacity, share knowledge across countries, and improve survey methodologies and technology.

The specific objectives of the ERSS are:
- Development of an innovative model for collecting agricultural data in conjunction with household data;
- Strengthening the capacity to generate a sustainable system for producing accurate and timely information on agricultural households in Ethiopia;
- Development of a model of inter-institutional collaboration between the CSA and relevant federal and local government agencies as well as national and international research and development partners; and
- Comprehensive analysis of household income, well-being, and socio-economic characteristics of households in rural areas and small towns.

Geographic coverage
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Rural and small towns

Analysis unit
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- Household
- Person/ individual
- Community

Sampling procedure
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The ERSS sample is designed to be representative of rural and small town areas of Ethiopia. The ERSS rural sample is a sub-sample of the AgSS while the small town sample comes from the universe of small town EAs. The ERSS sample size provides estimates at the national level for rural and small town households. At the regional level, it provides estimates for four regions including Amhara, Oromiya, SNNP, and Tigray.

The sample is a two-stage probability sample. The first stage of sampling entailed selecting primary sampling units , which are a sample of the CSA enumeration areas (EAs). For the rural sample, 290 EAs were selected from the AgSS EAs. The AgSS EAs were selected based on probability proportional to size of the total EAs in each region. For small town EAs, a total of 43 EAs were selected. In order to ensure sufficient sample in the most populous regions (Amhara, Oromiya, SNNP, and Tigray), quotas were set for the number of EAs in each region. The sample is not representative for each of the small regions including Afar, Benshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa, Gambella, Harari, and Somalie regions. However, estimates can be produced for a combination of all smaller regions as one "other region" category.

The second stage of sampling was the selection of households to be interviewed in each EA. For rural EAs, a total of 12 households are sampled in each EA. Of these, 10 households were randomly selected from the sample of 30 AgSS households. The AgSS households are households which are involved in farming or livestock activities. Another 2 households were randomly selected from all other households in the rural EA (those not involved in agriculture or livestock). In some EAs, there is only one or no such households, in which case, less than two non-agricultural households were surveyed and more agricultural households were interviewed instead so that the total number of households per EA remains the same.

In the small town EAs, 12 households are selected randomly from the listing of each EA, with no stratification as to whether the household is engaged in agriculture/livestock. Households were not selected using replacement. Thus, the final number of household interviewed was slightly less than the 3,996 as planned in the design.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The survey was administered using five questionnaires: household, community, post-planting agriculture, ost-harvest agriculture and livestock questionnaires.

The household questionnaire collects information on basic demographics; education; health (including anthropometric measurement for children); labor and time use; partial food and non-food expenditure; household nonfarm income-generating activities; food security and shocks; safety nets; housing conditions; assets; credit; and other sources of household income. The household questionnaire, when relevant, is comparable to the Welfare Monitoring Survey (WMS).

The community questionnaire gathered information on access to infrastructure; community organizations; resource management; changes in the community; key events; community needs, actions and achievements; and local retail price information.

Post-planting and post-harvest agriculture questionnaires were completed in those households with at least one member of the household engaged in crop farming using owned or rented land The post-planting and post-harvest agriculture questionnaires focused on farming activities and solicit information on land ownership and use; farm labor; inputs use; GPS land area measurement and coordinates of household fields; agriculture capital; irrigation; and crop harvest and utilization.

The livestock questionnaire interviews were implemented in households where at least one member was engaged in livestock rearing. The livestock questionnaire collected information on animal holdings and costs; and production, cost and sales of livestock byproducts.

Cleaning operations
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Most of the interviews were carried out using paper and pen interviewing method. The completed paper questionnaires were sent to the CSA headquarters in Addis Ababa. The questionnaires were first checked by editors for completeness and consistency. The editors checked completeness (taking inventory) and cross-checked the questionnaires with the EA codebook. Questionnaires with inconsistent responses or with errors were corrected by contacting the branch offices or, in some cases, by sending the questionnaires back to the field. Checked questionnaires were keyed by data entry clerks at the head office using CSPro data entry application software.

Computer assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) was implemented, as a pilot, in 33 of the 333 EAs using SurveyBe data collection software.

The data cleaning process was done in two stages. The first step was at the CSA head office using the CSA's data cleaning staff. The CSA data cleaning staff used the CSpro data cleaning application to capture out of range values, outliers, and skip inconsistencies from the batch error reports. Once the errors were flagged in the batch error report the hard copy of the original questionnaire was retrieved and checked if the errors were at the data collection, editing, or entry level. Editing and entry level errors were corrected at the head office. Field level errors were communicated with the branch offices in the regions. The second level of data cleaning was done using Stata program to check for inconsistencies.

Response rate
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A total of 3,969 households were interviewed with a response rate of 99.3 percent.

摘要
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埃塞俄比亚农村社会经济调查（ERSS）是由埃塞俄比亚中央统计局（CSA）与世界银行生活水平测量研究-综合农业调查（LSMS-ISA）团队合作开展的项目。LSMS-ISA的宗旨是收集多主题的 panel 家庭层面数据，特别关注提升农业统计数据及农业与经济其他领域的关联。项目还旨在提升能力建设、跨国家知识共享，以及改进调查方法和技术。
ERSS的具体目标包括：
- 与家庭数据相结合，开发收集农业数据的新颖模型；
- 强化构建一个可持续的系统，用于生产关于埃塞俄比亚农业家庭准确及时信息的能力；
- 发展中央统计局与相关联邦和地方政府机构，以及国内外研发合作伙伴之间的机构间协作模式；
- 对农村地区和小城镇家庭的收入、福祉及社会经济特征进行全面分析。
地理覆盖范围
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农村及小城镇
分析单元
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- 家庭
- 个人/个体
- 社区
抽样程序
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ERSS样本旨在代表埃塞俄比亚农村和小城镇地区。ERSS农村样本是农业抽样调查（AgSS）的一个子样本，而小城镇样本则来自小城镇抽样单元（EA）的总体。ERSS样本规模为国家层面农村和小城镇家庭的估计提供数据。在地区层面，它为包括阿姆哈拉、奥罗米亚、SNNP和提格雷在内的四个地区提供估计。
样本是一个两阶段的概率样本。第一阶段涉及选择初级抽样单元，即CSA抽样单元（EA）的样本。对于农村样本，从AgSS EA中选择了290个EA。AgSS EA是根据每个地区所有EA的规模按比例选择的。对于小城镇EA，共选择了43个EA。为了确保在人口最多的地区（阿姆哈拉、奥罗米亚、SNNP和提格雷）有足够的样本，为每个地区设置了EA数量的配额。样本对包括阿法尔、本尚古勒-古穆兹、迪雷德awa、甘贝拉、哈拉里和索马里在内的较小地区不具代表性。然而，可以为一个组合的所有较小地区产生一个“其他地区”类别的估计。
第二阶段是对每个EA中接受访谈的家庭的选择。对于农村EA，每个EA中随机抽样12户家庭。其中，从30户AgSS样本中随机选择了10户家庭。AgSS家庭是指参与农业或畜牧业活动的家庭。另外2户家庭从农村EA中的所有其他家庭中随机选择（那些不参与农业或畜牧业的家庭）。在一些EA中，只有一户或没有这样的家庭，在这种情况下，调查了少于两户非农业家庭，而农业家庭则进行了更多的访谈，以确保每个EA的家庭总数保持不变。
在小城镇EA中，从每个EA的名单中随机选择12户家庭，不按家庭是否从事农业/畜牧业进行分层。家庭不是通过替换选择的。因此，最终接受调查的家庭数量略少于设计中的3,996户。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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调查是通过五份问卷进行的：家庭问卷、社区问卷、种植后农业问卷、收获后农业问卷和畜牧业问卷。
家庭问卷收集有关基本人口统计、教育、健康（包括儿童的体质测量）；劳动和时间利用；部分食品和非食品支出；家庭非农收入生成活动；粮食安全和冲击；安全网；住房条件；资产；信贷；以及其他家庭收入来源的信息。当相关时，家庭问卷与福利监测调查（WMS）具有可比性。
社区问卷收集有关基础设施获取、社区组织、资源管理、社区变化、关键事件、社区需求、行动和成就，以及当地零售价格信息。
种植后和收获后农业问卷是在至少有一名家庭成员从事作物种植（使用自有或租赁的土地）的家庭中完成的。种植后和收获后农业问卷侧重于农业活动，并征求有关土地所有权和使用、农场劳动、投入品使用、GPS土地面积测量和家庭田野坐标、农业资本、灌溉以及作物收获和利用的信息。
畜牧业问卷访谈是在至少有一名家庭成员从事畜牧业的家庭中进行的。畜牧业问卷收集有关动物保有和成本，以及畜牧业副产品生产和销售的信息。
数据清理操作
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大多数访谈是通过纸质和笔的方式进行。完成的纸质问卷被发送到亚的斯亚贝巴的CSA总部。问卷首先由编辑检查其完整性和一致性。编辑检查了完整性（盘点）并交叉检查了问卷与EA代码簿。对于回答不一致或存在错误的问卷进行了纠正，通过联系分支机构或在某些情况下，将问卷退回现场。检查后的问卷由总部数据录入员使用CSPro数据录入应用软件录入。
在333个EA中的33个EA中，作为试点，实施了计算机辅助个人访谈（CAPI），使用SurveyBe数据收集软件。
数据清理过程分为两个阶段。第一步是在CSA总部使用CSA的数据清理人员。CSA数据清理人员使用CSpro数据清理应用程序从批量错误报告中捕获超出范围值、异常值和跳过不一致性。一旦在批量错误报告中标记了错误，就会检索原始问卷的副本并检查错误是否发生在数据收集、编辑或录入层面。编辑和录入层面的错误在总部得到纠正。现场层面的错误与区域分支机构进行沟通。第二阶段的数据清理是使用Stata程序检查不一致性。
应答率
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共调查了3,969户家庭，应答率为99.3%。