An Affordable Knee Arthroscopy Simulator

Abstract: Introduction: The objective of this study is to describe a model of knee arthroscopy simulator that is affordable, low-cost and easily reproducible, aiming to enable the diffusion of more effective active teaching and training methodologies. Methods: For the creation of the arthroscopic camera, an endoscopic camera for mobile phones and computers model SXT-5.0M manufactured by KKMOON were used. The camera was introduced in a metal tube, which was coupled to a set of three 20 mm PVC hydraulic connectors to simulate the handle and sleeve of the arthroscope. The camera has a resolution of 1280 x 720 pixels and is equipped with six built-in white LED lamps, simulating and eliminating the need to use an additional light source. The knee model was developed using a PVC pipe fixed on a wooden support, to which synthetic femur and tibia models were affixed. Four three-centimeter diameter holes, compatible with the standard arthroscopic portals, were made in the body of the PVC pipe. For the menisci, a model was made out of modeling clay (Corfix®), until the anatomical structures were close to the real ones. The model consists of both menisci and the intercondylar eminence, simulating the proximal tibial articular surface. The model made out of modeling clay was the basis for the production of a thin Crystal Polyester Resin mold. Using the resin mold, the meniscal models were made of Silicone Rubber Type II, widely used in industry and crafts. Results: A functional and reproducible simulator was obtained, consisting of a knee model and an arthroscopic camera. The simulator works adequately adapted to a TV, monitor or computer, and allows the simulation of diagnostic procedures, meniscectomy and meniscoplasty. Conclusion: It is possible to develop a knee arthroscopy simulator, with components available in local and electronic commerce, at a cost of approximately R$ 300.

摘要：
引言：本研究旨在开发一款经济实惠、低成本且易于复刻的膝关节关节镜模拟器模型，以期推广更高效的主动式教学与培训方法。
方法：本研究采用KKMOON公司生产的型号为SXT-5.0M的手机与电脑用内窥镜摄像头作为关节镜摄像头原型。将该摄像头置入金属管中，并连接三组20mm聚氯乙烯（PVC）液压接头，以模拟关节镜的手柄与套管。该摄像头分辨率为1280×720像素，内置6颗白光LED灯，可模拟光源环境并省去额外光源的使用。膝关节模型采用固定于木质支架上的PVC管制作，其上安装合成股骨与胫骨模型。在PVC管管壁上开设4个直径3厘米的孔，与标准关节镜入路兼容。半月板模型采用造型黏土（Corfix®）制作，直至其解剖结构接近真实人体形态，该模型包含双侧半月板与髁间隆起，用于模拟胫骨近端关节面。以该黏土模型为基础，制作超薄聚酯树脂（Crystal Polyester Resin）模具。随后利用该树脂模具，采用工业与手工领域广泛应用的II型硅橡胶（Silicone Rubber Type II）制作半月板模型。
结果：本研究成功构建了一款功能完备且可复刻的模拟器，由膝关节模型与关节镜摄像头组成。该模拟器可适配电视、显示器或计算机使用，能够模拟关节镜诊断操作、半月板切除术与半月板成形术。
结论：利用本地实体与电商平台均可购得的组件，可开发出一款成本约为300雷亚尔（R$）的膝关节关节镜模拟器。

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集描述了一个低成本、易于复制的膝关节镜模拟器模型，旨在促进有效的医疗教学和训练。模拟器使用现成组件（如内窥镜摄像头和PVC材料）构建，成本约300巴西雷亚尔，可模拟诊断和手术程序，适用于医疗教育和技能培训。