Blockade of PD-1, PD-L1, and TIM-3 Altered Distinct Immune- and Cancer-Related Signaling Pathways in the Transcriptome of Human Breast Cancer Explants

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is yet to have a major advantage over conventional therapies, as only a fraction of patients benefit from the currently approved ICIs and the response rates remain low. We investigated the effects of different ICIs, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1 and anti-TIM-3, on human primary breast cancer explant cultures using RNA-Seq.