Anther modes influence diversification rates in the animal-pollinated species-rich Didymocarpoideae

Stamen traits significantly influence pollen presentation patterns and play a critical role in mating systems, floral evolution, and the diversification of angiosperms. Anthers within a flower can either develop freely or be united, resulting in three primary modes: separated anthers, synandry, and paired-united anthers. The impact of these anther modes on species diversification remains inadequately understood. In this study, we employed 14 plastid and nuclear ribosomal markers from 789 species to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the Old World Didymocarpoideae, which are predominantly bee-pollinated. We then investigated the evolutionary patterns of anther modes and assessed their potential role in species diversification. Our findings indicate that the evolution of anther modes and associated floral traits exhibited significant trait conservatism. Paired-united anthers likely represent the ancestral form of Didymocarpoideae, characterized by four fertile stamens with exse..., , , # Phylogenetic conservatism and evolutionary transitions of anther modes in a clade of species rich animal-pollinated herbs

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.zcrjdfnnf](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.zcrjdfnnf)

## Description of the data and file structure

Supplementary Material S1. Available sequences information of Didymocarpoideae in present study. Vouchers and Genbank accession numbers for 786 species of Didymocarpoideae obtained from the literature are presented, and the available sequences include nuclear (ITS and ETS) and 12 chloroplast (matK, atpB-rbcL, ndhA-intron, pabA-trnH, rpoB-trnC, rpl16, rpl20-rps12, rpl32, rpl32-trnL, trnC-petN, trnL-F, and trnT-L) DNA regions.

Supplementary Material S2. Description of floral traits of Didymocarpoideae in this study. These floral traits include anther modes, corolla symmetry, number of fertile stamens, stamen location, corolla size, floral showiness, floral shape, corolla constriction, corolla curvature, and corolla ornamentation.

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