Danish-PD

# 🇩🇰 Danish Public Domain 🇩🇰

**Danish-Public Domain** or **Danish-PD** is a large collection aiming to aggregate all Danish monographies and periodicals in the public domain. As of March 2024, it is the biggest Danish open corpus.

## Dataset summary
The collection contains 3113 individual titles making up 322,141,347 words recovered from multiple sources, including Internet Archive and various European national libraries and cultural heritage institutions. Each parquet file has the full text of 2,000 books selected at random.

## Curation method
The composition of the dataset adheres to the criteria for public domain works in the EU and, consequently, all Berne-countries for EU authors: any publication whose author is dead for more than 70 years. Additionally, the initial consolidation of public domain status for cultural heritage operates in the EU under the 2019 Copyright Directive (art. 14).

As of March 2024, to limit rights verification, we have retained exclusively titles published prior to 1884.

The corpus will be expanded at a later stage to encompass late 19th century and early 20th century publications, after checking for public domain validity.

## Uses
The collection aims to expand the availability of open works for the training of Large Language Models. The text can be used for model training and republished without restriction for reproducibility purposes.

The rationales for creation of this collection are multifold:

* **Scientific**: We observe that the closure of training corpora represents a major barrier to AI research. Large language models face a real crisis of reproducibility.
* **Legal**: With the adoption of the AI Act with its obligations in terms of copyright law compliance for the pretraining corpora, the European AI ecosystem will have to change its provenance practices.
* **Cultural**: The linguistic diversity of the European Union is currently underrepresented. Unlike web archives, open, heritage, administrative, or scientific texts are often of high quality: they are long, multilingual, and editorialized publications.
* **Economical**: Today, value capture is concentrated on players whose financial resources are already considerable, allowing them to collect or purchase data at a high price. Making a royalty-free corpus available to as many people as possible frees innovation in uses and minimizes economic dependencies on dominant actors.

## License
The entire collection is in the public domain in all regions. This means that the patrimonial rights of each individual or collective right holders have expired.

There has been a debate for years in Europe over the definition of public domain and the possibility to restrict its use. Since 2019, the EU Copyright Directive states that "Member States shall provide that, when the term of protection of a work of visual art has expired, any material resulting from an act of reproduction of that work is not subject to copyright or related rights, unless the material resulting from that act of reproduction is original in the sense that it is the author's own intellectual creation." (art. 14)

## Future work
This dataset is not a one-time work but will continue to evolve significantly in three directions:

* Expansion of the dataset to the late 19th and early 20th century works and its further enhancement with currently unexploited collections coming from European patrimonial data repositories.
* Correction of computer generated errors in the text. All the texts have been transcribed automatically through the use of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The original files have been digitized over a long time period (since the mid-2000s) and some documents should be. Future versions will strive either to re-OCRize the original text or use experimental LLM models for partial OCR correction.
* Enhancement of the structure/editorial presentation of the original text. Some parts of the original documents are likely unwanted for large scale analysis or model training (header, page count…). Additionally, some advanced document structures like tables or multi-column layout are unlikely to be well-formatted.

## Acknowledgements
The corpus was stored and processed with the generous support of Scaleway. It was built up with the support and concerted efforts of the state start-up LANGU:IA (start-up d’Etat), supported by the French Ministry of Culture and DINUM, as part of the prefiguration of the service offering of the Alliance for Language technologies EDIC (ALT-EDIC).

Corpus collection has been largely facilitated thanks to the open science LLM community insights, cooperation and support (Occiglot, Eleuther AI, OpenLLM France, Allen AI).

<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/scaleway.jpeg?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/ministere.png?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/occiglot.jpg?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
</div>

# 🇩🇰 丹麦公共领域数据集（Danish Public Domain）

**丹麦公共领域（Danish Public Domain，简称Danish-PD）** 是一个大型聚合数据集，旨在收录所有处于公共领域的丹麦单行本与期刊。截至2024年3月，它已是规模最大的丹麦开放语料库。

## 数据集概况
该语料库共收录3113种独立出版物，总计322,141,347词，数据源自互联网档案馆（Internet Archive）、多个欧洲国家图书馆及文化遗产机构等多个渠道。每个Parquet文件随机包含2000本图书的完整文本。

## 数据遴选规范
本数据集的构成符合欧盟公共领域作品的判定标准，同时适用于所有伯尔尼公约成员国中欧盟籍作者的作品：即作者去世超过70年的出版物。此外，欧盟2019年版权指令（第14条）中针对文化遗产作品的公共领域身份认定初始规则也适用于本数据集。
截至2024年3月，为简化权利核验流程，我们仅保留了1884年之前出版的作品。
后续我们将在验证公共领域合法性后，扩展语料库以涵盖19世纪末至20世纪初的出版物。

## 数据集用途
本数据集旨在扩大开放作品的可获取范围，以供大语言模型（Large Language Model，LLM）训练使用。文本可用于模型训练，且可无限制重发布以支持研究可复现性。
构建本数据集的初衷兼具多重维度：
* **学术层面**：当前训练语料库的闭源化已成为人工智能研究的主要障碍之一，大语言模型正面临严峻的可复现性危机。
* **法律层面**：随着《人工智能法案》的通过，预训练语料库需满足版权合规要求，欧洲人工智能生态系统必须调整其数据源获取实践。
* **文化层面**：当前欧盟的语言多样性尚未得到充分体现。与网页档案不同，开放型、遗产型、行政类或学术类文本往往具备更高质量：它们篇幅较长、多语言覆盖且经过专业编辑加工。
* **经济层面**：当前数据价值的获取高度集中于财力雄厚的头部企业，这些企业能够以高价收集或采购数据。向尽可能多的群体提供免版税语料库，能够解放相关应用的创新空间，并降低对头部厂商的经济依赖。

## 版权声明
本数据集的全部内容在全球范围内均属于公共领域，即所有个人或集体权利持有人的财产性权利均已过期。
多年来欧洲各界围绕公共领域的定义以及限制其使用的可能性存在诸多争议。自2019年起，欧盟版权指令明确规定："当美术作品的保护期届满时，对该作品进行复制行为所产生的材料不受版权或相关权利约束，除非该复制材料具有独创性，即属于作者的原创智力成果。"（第14条）

## 未来迭代计划
本数据集并非一次性项目，后续将从三个方向持续大幅演进：
* 扩展数据集覆盖范围至19世纪末至20世纪初的作品，并引入欧洲遗产数据仓库中尚未开发的馆藏资源以进一步丰富语料库。
* 修正文本中的计算机生成错误。所有文本均通过光学字符识别（Optical Character Recognition，OCR）软件自动转录而来。原始文件自2000年代中期起历经多年数字化处理，部分文档存在瑕疵。未来版本将要么重新对原始文件进行OCR识别，要么借助实验性大语言模型对OCR结果进行部分校正。
* 优化原始文本的结构与编辑呈现形式。部分原始文档内容（如页眉、页码等）可能不适合大规模分析或模型训练。此外，部分复杂文档结构如表格或多栏布局可能未得到良好格式化。

## 致谢与支持
本语料库的存储与处理工作得到了Scaleway的慷慨支持。数据集的构建得到了法国文化部与DINUM支持的国家初创企业LANGU:IA的协助与协同努力，该项目属于语言技术联盟ALT-EDIC（Alliance for Language technologies EDIC）服务预配置工作的一部分。
语料库的收集工作在很大程度上得益于开放科学大语言模型社区的见解、合作与支持（包括Occiglot、Eleuther AI、OpenLLM France、Allen AI）。

<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/scaleway.jpeg?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/ministere.png?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/occiglot.jpg?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
</div>