Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with the intake of antidepressants.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.aAntidepressants:High affinity: fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline and clomipramine.Intermediate affinity: amitriptyline, fluvoxamine, citalopram, imipramine, dosulepin, venlafaxine, duloxetine, escitalopram and melitracen.Low affinity: mirtazapine, nortriptyline, desipramine, trimipramine, maprotiline, trazodone, mianserin, amoxapine, bupropion, doxepin, moclobemide, ciclobenzaprine and etoperidone.SSRIs: sertraline, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, citalopram, etoperidone and escitalopram.Non-SSRIs: amitriptiline, dosulepin, trimipramine, doxepine, maprotiline, amoxapine, imipramine, nortriptiline and clomipramine.Other antidepressants: bupropion, ciclobenzaprine, desipramine, duloxetine, melitracen, mianserin, mirtazepine, moclobemide, trazodone and venlafaxine.bAdjusted for matching factors: age, sex (±5 years), date of admission (within 3 months) and hospital.cAdjusted for alcohol and caffeine consumption, past history of GI disorders, family history of GI bleeding, osteoarthritis, number of medicines taken and use of NSAIDs, salicylates (analgesic doses), proton pump inhibitors, H2 antihistamines, antacids, antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants (only vitamin K antagonists).dWhen applying conventional logistic regression, the adjusted estimate for SSRIs was 1.24 (95%CI, 0.62–2.48).