Physiological, psychological, and behavioral characteristics in female bodybuilding athletes during the competition phase: a systematic review

This systematic review will investigate the physiological, psychological, and behavioral changes in female bodybuilding athletes during the competition phase and the immediate post-competition period. Although bodybuilding is an increasingly popular practice among women in various categories (bikini, figure, physique, wellness), the scientific literature remains limited and fragmented, particularly with regard to the specific adaptations occurring during the competitive period.

The aim of this review is to synthesize the existing evidence by evaluating outcomes related to body composition, muscle strength, hormonal profiles, body image, self-esteem, and mental health (including stress, anxiety, and depression), as well as dietary habits, training adherence, and the use of ergogenic substances. In addition, qualitative studies describing the lived experiences of athletes will be included.

Primary studies with different designs (clinical trials, observational studies, case reports, qualitative studies) will be considered. The search will be conducted in comprehensive databases (PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE, Web of Science, LILACS, and SciELO), with no restrictions on language or publication date. Screening will be carried out independently by two reviewers, and data will be extracted into a standardized form. Methodological quality will be assessed using the Downs & Black checklist (1998).

Due to the expected heterogeneity of studies, the results will be presented in a narrative synthesis, grouped into categories (physiological, psychological, behavioral, and qualitative). Sub-analyses may be conducted according to competitive level (amateur vs. professional) and substance-use status (natural vs. enhanced), when data are available.

This systematic review will contribute to a deeper understanding of the effects of competitive bodybuilding on the health and behavior of female athletes, providing insights for health professionals, coaches, and researchers, and encouraging further investigations on this underexplored population.