HBPG-CO2: a global gridded monthly anthropogenic CO₂ emission dataset at 0.05° resolution for 1970_01–2025_12

HBPG-CO₂ is a global gridded monthly anthropogenic CO₂ emission dataset at 0.05° spatial resolution covering January 1970 to December 2025. The dataset provides 672 monthly layers for seven harmonized sectors: power generation, industry, buildings, road transport, agriculture, waste, and fuel production, together with total-emission products. HBPG-CO₂ combines EDGAR, ODIAC, CEDS, daily country- and sector-level emission estimates, and sector-specific geospatial covariates, including roads, land use, settlements, population, nighttime lights, meteorology, and point-source information. A hierarchical temporal reconstruction estimates monthly variability during periods without direct monthly observations, while a physics-guided spatial allocation framework improves fine-scale source representation under non-negativity and mass-conservation constraints. The dataset is intended for atmospheric inversion, Earth system modelling, carbon-cycle research, regional emission assessment, and analysis of long-term changes in the spatial and sectoral distribution of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions.