Leave-out plot to visualize causal effect of amlodipine on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

The x-axis represents the estimated effect size (beta coefficient) of amlodipine on GERD, while each point on the y-axis corresponds to the exclusion of a particular SNP. The "All" line represents the MR estimate when all SNPs are included, while each subsequent line shows the MR estimate when one specific SNP is removed from the analysis. The consistency of the effect size estimates across all leave-one-out iterations indicates that no single SNP is driving the overall association between amlodipine use and GERD risk. This robustness strengthens the confidence in the MR findings, suggesting that the observed protective effect of amlodipine on GERD is not the result of outlier SNPs or potential pleiotropy. (XLSX)