Regenerative base editing enables deep lineage recording: Analysis Code and Supplemental Data

Reconstructing the lineage histories of individual cells can reveal the dynamics of developmental and disease processes. In engineered recording systems, cells stochastically edit synthetic barcode sequences as they proliferate, creating distinct, heritable edit patterns that can be used to reconstruct the lineage trees relating individual cells in a manner analogous to phylogenetic reconstruction. However, recording depth is often limited by the kinetics of the editing process: the rate of editing declines exponentially over time for an array of independently editable targets, leading to most edits occurring in early generations. Here, we introduce the hypercascade, a regenerative molecular recording system that takes advantage of the predictability of A-to-G base editing to progressively create new target sites over time. The hypercascade packs  4 editable target sites in every 20 bp of sequence, enabling high density information storage. More importantly, the hypercascade's regenerative logic leads to an approximately constant rate of mutation accumulation over time. This in turn facilitates reconstruction of deep lineage relationships. We demonstrate this by reconstructing trees spanning 23 days of editing and approximately 17 generations after a single polyclonal engineering step. Finally, simulations show that the hypercascade has the potential to record chromatin state transition dynamics across multiple genomic loci in parallel. The hypercascade thus provides a flexible and broadly useful tool for molecular recording.