Resolving Rotational Stacking Disorder and Electronic Level Alignment in a 2D Oligothiophene-Based Lead Iodide Perovskite

Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) represent diverse quantum well heterostructures composed of alternating inorganic and organic layers. While 2D HOIPs are nominally periodic in three dimensions for X-ray scattering, the inorganic layers can orient quasi-randomly, leading to rotational stacking disorder (RSD). RSD manifests as poorly resolved, diffuse X-ray scattering along the stacking direction, limiting the structural description to an apparently disordered subcell. However, local ordering preferences can still exist between adjacent unit cells and can considerably impact the properties, particularly the electronic structure. Here, we elucidate RSD and determine the preferred local ordering in the 2D [AE2T]­PbI4 HOIP (AE2T: 5,5′-bis­(ethylammonium)-[2,2′-bithiophene]). We use first-principles calculations to determine energy differences between a set of systematically generated supercells with different order patterns. We show that interlayer ordering tendencies are weak, explaining the observed RSD in terms of differing in-plane rotation of PbI6 octahedra in neighboring inorganic planes. In contrast, the ordering preference within a given organic layer is strong, favoring a herringbone-type arrangement of adjacent AE2T cations. The calculated electronic level alignments of proximal organic and inorganic frontier orbitals in the valence band vary significantly with the local arrangement of AE2T cations; only the most stable AE2T configuration leads to an interfacial type-Ib band alignment consistent with observed optical properties. The present study underscores the importance of resolving local structure arrangements in 2D HOIPs for reliable structure–property prediction.