Adjusted odds ratios (OR) for living in an urban environment and obesity using stratification by country/countries, per capita GNI, year of fieldwork, sex, age of study population and criteria for obesity.

Twenty eight studies contributed to 37 independent age and sex adjusted estimates (Figure 1); Reference group is living in a rural environment; GNI gross national income; WC waist circumference;
* p-value for heterogeneity chi-square;
** Likelihood ratio test for heterogeneity between subgroup by meta-regression, providing F-ratio and p-values.
Adjusted odds ratios (OR) for living in an urban environment and obesity using stratification by country/countries, per capita GNI, year of fieldwork, sex, age of study population and criteria for obesity.