Schematic representation of the approaches for in vitro (A) and in vivo studies (B).

(A) Primary astroglia and microglia cultures were prepared from brain tissues of neonatal mice and then subjected to LPS treatment as described in Materials and Methods. (B) To trigger a systemic innate immune response in the CNS, presymptomatic 6-month-old hTDP-43A315T mice and their non-transgenic (wild-type) littermates received intraperitoneal i.p. injection of LPS (1 mg/kg of body weight) diluted in 100 μl of saline. Mice were i.p. injected once a week for duration of two months. (PDF)