Tupi cultural phylogenetic results.

Ancestral reconstructions and transition rate estimates are given for 11 cultural traits in the Tupi language family. Cultural traits are ranked in order of increasing transition rates. Traits with slower transition rates are associated with higher certainties of ancestral root reconstruction (values in parentheses). Significant ancestral reconstructions are marked with an asterisk. Average gains and losses of traits across the tree are calculated from 1,000 stochastic character mapping reconstructions [88] in Mesquite software [64]. “Gains” in post-marital residence are defined as those from more flexible ambi/neolocality to either uxorilocality or virilocality, and vice-versa.