From feces to urine: p-Cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and indole-3-acetic acid-related metabolites in different stages of chronic kidney disease.

Assessing microbial load of intact cells in the stool of patients with microbial kindey disease.
Conclusion:
With CKD progression, increased levels of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) were observed in the plasma only, whereas levels of PBUTs and their precursors remained the same in feces and urine. Normalizing the fecal metabolite levels to 10^12 intact bacterial cells did not modify the results, except for pCS, for which lower levels were found in CKD 1 to 4 vs controls and patients on dialysis. Anaerobic culture of the fecal samples showed no difference in the in vitro p-cresol, indole and IAA generation capacity between CKD 1 and 5. Blank sample, sample prep optimization with spike-in