Description of the six defoliated study sites and species for which seedlings were included.

Land form, location, estimated defoliation level (in 2009), dominant species in the overstory (the three most abundant species based on stems ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height; Baribault et al. [27]), and species for which seedlings were included are indicated. Site numbers generally correspond to the numbering in Baribault et al. [27], except for sites 12 and 13, which were merged into one site (site 12). acru = Acer rubrum; acsa = Acer saccharum; fagr = Fagus grandifolia; fram = Fraxinus americana; osvi = Ostrya virginiana; piba = Pinus banksiana; pogr = Populus grandidentata; prse = Prunus serotina; qual = Quercus alba; quru = Quercus rubra; quve = Quercus velutina; tiam = Tilia americana.