Advancing limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), through activation optimization, microstructural refinement and durability assessment

Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), derived from calcined kaolinite clay, offers significant environmental and economic advantages as a sustainable alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). This PhD research advances the understanding of LC3 by optimising clay activation processes, refining nano- and microstructural characteristics, and evaluating its resistance to ion attacks. These findings address practical challenges, enhance the performance of LC3 and support its mix design optimisation. Ultimately, this work establishes a foundation for the broader adoption of LC3 as a low-carbon and durable cement alternative, contributing to the transition toward net-zero carbon construction materials.