Studies used to compare the direction and magnitude of paired range shifts.

1 Weighted mean across all studies is 50% (42% when species with range shifts of exactly 0 are excluded).
The percentage of species with inconsistent range shifts is reported including all species, and the percentage of inconsistent range shifts when species with range shifts of zero are excluded is reported in italics; numbers of species in the analysis are reported in parentheses. Temperature trends are reported as rates, calculated by the total warming divided by the study duration or as the rate reported in the original study. Precipitation data, where available, were calculated in the same way. For each paired comparison, we list the coefficient of determination to describe the amount of variation in range shifts in one area that can be explained by range shifts in the other area. For both comparisons involving bird species, there are three paired comparisons summarized in each row; we report the mean value, weighted by the number of species. The overall weighted mean1 is listed as a footnote.