Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis

Phosphorylated PPARGC1A (PGC-1alpha) does not bind DNA directly but instead interacts with other transcription factors, notably NRF1 and NRF2 (via HCF1). NRF1 and NRF2 together with PPARGC1A activate the transcription of nuclear-encoded, mitochondrially targeted proteins such as TFB2M, TFB1M, and TFAM. PGC-1beta and PPRC appear to act similarly to PGC-1alpha but have not been as well studied. Transcription of PPARGC1A itself is upregulated by CREB1 (in response to calcium), MEF2C/D, ATF2, and PPARGC1A. Transcription of PPARGC1A is repressed by NR1D1 (REV-ERBA).

磷酸化型PPARGC1A（PGC-1alpha）并非直接与DNA结合，而是与其他转录因子相互作用，特别是NRF1和NRF2（通过HCF1）。NRF1和NRF2与PPARGC1A共同激活核编码、线粒体靶向蛋白如TFB2M、TFB1M和TFAM的转录。PGC-1beta和PPRC似乎与PGC-1alpha作用相似，但研究程度尚不及。PPARGC1A本身的转录受CREB1（钙离子响应）、MEF2C/D、ATF2和PPARGC1A的上调调控。而PPARGC1A的转录则受NR1D1（REV-ERBA）的抑制。