TORC2 (mTOR) phosphorylates AKT at S473
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Under conditions of growth and mitogen stimulation S473 phosphorylation of AKT is carried out by mTOR (mammalian Target of Rapamycin). This kinase is found in two structurally and functionally distinct protein complexes, named TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR complex 2 (TORC2). It is TORC2 complex, which is composed of mTOR, RICTOR, SIN1 (also named MAPKAP1) and LST8, that phosphorylates AKT at S473 (Sarbassov et al., 2005). This complex also regulates actin cytoskeletal reorganization (Jacinto et al., 2004; Sarbassov et al., 2004). TORC1, on the other hand, is a major regulator of ribosomal biogenesis and protein synthesis (Hay and Sonenberg, 2004). TORC1 regulates these processes largely by the phosphorylation/inactivation of the repressors of mRNA translation 4E binding proteins (4E BPs) and by the phosphorylation/activation of ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K1). TORC1 is also the principal regulator of autophagy. In other physiological conditions, other kinases may be responsible for AKT S473 phosphorylation.<br>
Phosphorylation of AKT on S473 by TORC2 complex is a prerequisite for AKT phosphorylation on T308 by PDPK1 (Scheid et al. 2002, Sarabassov et al. 2005).
在细胞增殖与有丝分裂原刺激的条件下,哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶点(mTOR)负责执行AKT蛋白在S473位点的磷酸化。此激酶存在于两个在结构及功能上均有所区别的蛋白复合体中,分别命名为TOR复合体1(TORC1)和TOR复合体2(TORC2)。其中,由mTOR、RICITOR、SIN1(亦称MAPKAP1)和LST8组成的TORC2复合体,负责在S473位点磷酸化AKT(Sarbassov等人,2005年)。此外,该复合体还调控肌动蛋白细胞骨架的重排(Jacinto等人,2004年;Sarbassov等人,2004年)。另一方面,TORC1作为核糖体生物发生及蛋白质合成的关键调节因子(Hay和Sonenberg,2004年),主要通过磷酸化/失活mRNA翻译抑制因子4E结合蛋白(4E BPs)以及磷酸化/激活核糖体S6激酶(S6K1)来调节这些过程。TORC1亦是自噬的主要调节因子。在生理条件不同的情况下,其他激酶可能负责AKT在S473位点的磷酸化。<br>由TORC2复合体介导的AKT在S473位点的磷酸化,是PDPK1介导的AKT在T308位点的磷酸化所必需的前提条件(Scheid等人,2002年;Sarbassov等人,2005年)。
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