A dataset of water environment characteristics of typical small watershed in Guizhou karst area（2016-2022）

Based on the long-term monitoring of groundwater and surface water environments in the Chenqi Karst Basin by the Puding Karst Ecosystem National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a water environmental characteristics dataset from 2016 to 2022 has been compiled. This dataset includes five monitoring points within the Chenqi Basin: three underground wells (Wells No. 1, 3, and 5) in the central part of the small watershed, as well as the overall outlet of surface water and groundwater. Water samples were collected four times in March, June, September, and December of 2016, and monthly from 2017 to 2022, specifically around the mid-month. The data includes 19 physicochemical indicators that reflect the water environment: water temperature, pH, calcium ions, magnesium ions, potassium ions, sodium ions, carbonate ions, bicarbonate ions, chloride, sulfate ions, phosphate ions, nitrate ions, mineralization, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, conductivity, and dissolved organic carbon. The setup of monitoring points, water sampling process, laboratory analysis, and data analysis all follow the protocols and standards required by the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) and the National Science and Technology Infrastructure, ensuring reliable data quality. These data provide critical support for hydrological and geochemical studies of watersheds, elucidating natural dynamic changes and the impacts of anthropogenic activities. They facilitate comprehensive analyses of water quality, enable the tracing of pollution sources, advance the study of material transport, aid in the simulation of water resource trends, and monitor ecological health. Consequently, these datasets serve as a robust scientific foundation for the management and protection of watersheds.