TEAMx DECIPHER Monte Baldo Flux Tower, Crest, Raw Data (University of Trento)

1. Short Description of the Sensor The Flux Tower dataset comprises a cluster of instruments deployed at three levels of a 9-m mast to observe the atmospheric properties, airflow characteristics, turbulence (via the eddy covariance method), and local precipitation. The flux tower has three monitoring levels at 3, 6, and 9 m. The list of instruments per level is given below, together with a direct link to each sensor manufacturer's page: 3-m level: First level from the ground devoted to the characterization of the mean and turbulent properties of the airflow. It is also equipped for computing mass fluxes. Sensors deployed at this level are: N. 1 3D Sonic anemometer CSAT3A (Campbell Scientific, https://www.campbellsci.com/csat3a), measuring the three components of the wind velocity and the sonic temperature N. 1 Open-path gas analyser EC150 (Campbell Scientific, https://www.campbellsci.com/ec150), measuring the concentrations of water vapour and carbon dioxide, atmospheric pressure, and air temperature. Coupled with the sonic anemometer, fluxes of water vapour and carbon dioxide can be computed 6-m level: Second level from the ground devoted to the characterization of the mean and turbulent properties of the airflow. Sensors deployed at this level are: N. 1 3D Sonic anemometer CSAT3A (Campbell Scientific, https://www.campbellsci.com/csat3a), measuring the three components of the wind velocity and the sonic temperature N. 1 Thermohygrometer rotronic HC2S3-L (Campbell Scientific, https://www.campbellsci.com/hc2s3), measuring the air temperature and relative humidity 9-m level: Third level from the ground devoted to the characterization of the mean and turbulent properties of the airflow. It also includes a net radiometer to evaluate the radiative balance at the surface. Sensors deployed at this level are: N. 1 3D Sonic anemometer CSAT3A (Campbell Scientific, https://www.campbellsci.com/csat3a), measuring the three components of the wind velocity and the sonic temperature N. 1 Thermohygrometer rotronic HC2S3-L (Campbell Scientific, https://www.campbellsci.com/hc2s3), measuring the air temperature and relative humidity N. 1 All-in-one Weather station ATMOS 41 Gen 2 (Meter, https://metergroup.com/products/atmos-41), measuring solar radiation, precipitation, electrical conductivity, air temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, direction, maximum gust, lightning, tilt. Data Storage: Data were locally stored in a CR6 (Campbell Sceintific, https://www.campbellsci.com/cr6) and ATMOS ZL6 (Meter, https://metergroup.com/it/products/zl6) dataloggers, and normal operations were monitored via remote access. Power Supply: An input power supply of 12-14 V was ensured through solar panels operating during the whole campaign. 1.2 Specification The specifications for each sensor can be found on the manufacturer's web pages previously reported. 2. Measurement Strategy during the Campaign 2.1 Description of data collection The data collection is organized in three separate folders according to the sample rate of the instrumentation: High Sampling (HF): Data from sonic anemometers and an open-path gas analyser sampled at 20 Hz, including all the levels of the flux tower. Low Sampling - atmosphere (LF - weather): Data from thermohygrometers and the net radiometer sampled at 1 second, including all the levels of the flux tower. Low Sampling - weather station (LF - weather station): Data from the weather station is sampled at 5 minutes. 2.2 Time period covered by the data 24 June 2025 - 09 October 2025 2.3 Time zone UTC+1 2.4 Physical location Latitude 45,6646646; Longitude 10,8160711; Altitude 1668 m 3. Data Processing 3.1 Description of derived parameters and processing techniques used Aggregated raw data files are provided 3.2 Description of quality assurance and control procedures High Sampling (HF) and Low Sampling - atmosphere (LF - weather) are aggregated from the original files stored in the dataloggers, but it was not subject to any quality control or processing Low Sampling - weather station (LF - weather station): the following preprocessing procedures have been applied Physical range check of wind speed (|WS|<50 m/s), air temperature (T>-30°C), and relative humidity (0<RH<100%). Unsatisfying values are replaced with NaNs Solar radiation correction: negative values of solar radiation are averaged together to compute a mean drift that is then added to the measured solar radiation. Remaining negative solar radiation values are then corrected to 0 W/m2 Tilt angle check and correction: If the tilt angle is larger than 15°, data for the whole timestamp are replaced with NaNs If the tilt angle is lower than 15°, the wind speed and direction, and solar radiation are rescaled on the tilt angle (e.g., WS = WS/cos(tilt)) 4. Data Format 4.1 Data file structure NetCDF files with metadata, zipped. Depending on the dimension of the aggregated files, the following structure is chosen: High Sampling (HF): Data are organized in daily files Low Sampling - atmosphere (LF - weather): Data are organized in a single file for the whole campaign Low Sampling - weather station (LF - weather station): Data are organized in a single file for the whole campaign 4.2 File naming convention The file naming is given according to the sample rate of the instrumentation: High Sampling (HF): Crest_ECtower_converted_[file format]_HF_Eddy_[sampling rate].nc Low Sampling - atmosphere (LF - weather): Crest_ECtower_converted_[file format]_LF_weather_[sampling rate].nc Low Sampling - weather station (LF - weather station): Crest_ATMOS_adjusted_[file format]_LF_weatherStation_[sampling rate].nc 4.3 List of relevant parameters and units Each NetCDF file has its own embedded metadata with the descriptions of quantities and units. 5. Data Remarks 5.1 Known missing data periods High Sampling (HF) and Low Sampling - atmosphere (LF - meteo) have missing data from 04-07-2025 around 10:30 UTC+1 to 18-07-2025 around 12:00 UTC+1, and from 21-07-2025 around 21:30 UTC+1 to 23-07-2025 around 10:30 UTC+1. Valid data from the beginning of the sampling period to the end of the last missing data interval must be checked carefully before use 5.2 Software compatibility All software that can read and process NetCDF files