X-ray Fluorescence and Raman Spectroscopic Evaluation of Carotene Molecular Variation in Carrots under 5G Radiofrequency Exposure

This study evaluates the combined use of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to assess biochemical and elemental alterations in carrot (Daucus carota) tissues exposed to 3.5 GHz radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields. Raman spectral features characteristic of carotenoids (~1005, ~1156, ~1518 cm⁻¹) remained stable across all exposure durations (2–8 h), indicating no major structural degradation. Partial least squares (PLS) analysis indicated minor exposure-related spectral variation, although the separation among groups was limited which suggesting only subtle biochemical responses across exposure durations.