Freshwater invertebrates and environmental characteristics of ponds in Vendée wetlands, France

Freshwater invertebrates and zooplankton (FIZ) play a key role in freshwater ecosystems and in food webs, but there is little research on their life cycle, ecology, and conservation. Therefore, this study focused on FIZ’ annual dynamics (abundance, diversity, and gross energy) in 30 ponds located in two wetlands: the Marais breton and Marais poitevin (Atlantic coast, France, Europe). These ponds had a FIZ abundance of 50,412 ind/m3 per site [range of 28,864-80,690] in a year. The study defined four typologies of ponds according to the environmental variables and the presence of some key FIZ taxa. The first group had a long flooding time, high silt content, and aquatic vegetation cover. The associated taxa were Chironomidae, Gammaridae and Atyidae. The second group of ponds had moderate slopes, high sand content in the sediment and a rich abundance of microcrustacea. The third group contained shallow ponds with soft slopes and a high aquatic vegetation cover (100%), which result in high FIZ diversity. Finally, the fourth group contained ponds with steep slopes, high silt content in the sediment, and Oligochaeta as the major taxon in this environment. Defining pond typologies based on environmental factors and FIZ is essential to adapting FIZ management and conservation measures implemented on ponds. In a context of global change, a reduction or even disappearance of FIZ communities would have a catastrophic impact on all faunal taxa dependent on FIZ as a food resource.