NHLBI TOPMed: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA)

CARDIA is a study examining the etiology and natural history of cardiovascular disease beginning in young adulthood. In 1985-1986, a cohort of 5115 healthy black and white men and women, aged 18-30 years, were selected to have approximately the same number of people in subgroups of age (18-24 and 25-30), sex, race, and education (high school or less, and more than high school) within each of four US Field Centers. These same participants were asked to participate in follow-up examinations during 1987-1988 (Year 2), 1990-1991 (Year 5), 1992-1993 (Year 7), 1995-1996 (Year 10), 2000-2001 (Year 15), 2005-2006 (Year 20), 2010-2011 (Year 25) and 2015-2016 (Year 30). In addition to the follow-up examinations, participants are contacted regularly for the ascertainment of information on out-patient procedures and hospitalizations experienced between contacts. Within the past five years, 95% of the original surviving cohort has been contacted.

While the specifics of each examination have differed somewhat, data have been collected on a variety of factors believed to be related to heart disease. These include conditions with clear links to heart disease, such as blood pressure, cholesterol and other lipids. Data have also been collected on physical measurements, such as weight and skinfold fat, as well as lifestyle factors such as substance use (tobacco and alcohol), dietary and exercise patterns, behavioral and psychological variables, medical and family history, and other chemistries (e.g., insulin and glucose). In addition, subclinical atherosclerosis was measured via echocardiography during Years 5, 10, and 25, computed tomography during Years 15 and 20, and carotid ultrasound during Year 20.

Comprehensive phenotypic data for study participants are available through dbGaP [phs000285](study.cgi?study_id=phs000285).<br>

CARDIA研究是一项旨在探究心血管疾病自青年时期起的病因学与自然病程的队列研究。1985年至1986年间，研究人员于美国4个现场中心内，按照年龄（18~24岁、25~30岁）、性别、种族、受教育程度（高中及以下、高中以上）进行分层抽样，纳入5115名健康的黑人和白人男女作为研究队列，确保各亚组人数大致相当。

上述所有参与者均受邀参与了后续的随访检查，随访时间节点分别为1987-1988年（第2年）、1990-1991年（第5年）、1992-1993年（第7年）、1995-1996年（第10年）、2000-2001年（第15年）、2005-2006年（第20年）、2010-2011年（第25年）以及2015-2016年（第30年）。除定期随访查体外，研究团队还会定期联络参与者，以获取其两次联络间期内的门诊操作与住院治疗相关信息。在过去五年间，原存活队列中已有95%的受试者完成了有效联络。

尽管各次随访查体的具体细节存在一定差异，研究人员已收集了多种被认为与心脏病发病相关的因素数据。其中包括明确与心脏病存在密切关联的指标，如血压、胆固醇及其他脂质水平。此外，还采集了体重、皮褶脂肪厚度等体格测量数据，以及烟草与酒精使用情况、饮食与运动模式、行为与心理变量、医疗与家族病史、胰岛素、葡萄糖等其他生化指标等生活方式相关信息。在第5、10、25年的随访中，研究人员通过超声心动图检测了亚临床动脉粥样硬化；在第15、20年采用计算机断层扫描（CT）完成相关检测；在第20年则通过颈动脉超声进行检测。

研究参与者的综合表型数据可通过dbGaP [phs000285](study.cgi?study_id=phs000285)获取。