Predicted response of morphological and physiological variables according to the different hypotheses of the impact of urbanization on the nutritional status of free-living house sparrows.

Symbols summarize the differences that should be found between urban and rural birds for each hypothesis (+ higher in urban relative to rural individuals, -lower in urban relative to rural individuals, Ø similar between urban and rural individuals).
Predicted response of morphological and physiological variables according to the different hypotheses of the impact of urbanization on the nutritional status of free-living house sparrows.