Supplementary Information: Intensified bottom water formation in the southwest Pacific during the early Eocene greenhouse – insights from neodymium isotopes

We present the first high-resolution record of neodymium isotope values from high southern latitudes (IODP Site U1510), a key proxy for tracking ocean bottom water. A significant negative shift in seawater εNd(t) in the Tasman Sea during the middle of the EECO likely reflects the arrival of a new bottom water mass, with the Antarctic sector of the Pacific Ocean as its probable source. Similar trends observed in lower-resolution studies from DSDP Site 277 suggest that our findings are not region-specific, indicating that an additional intermediate water source expanded further into the Pacific during the peak of the EECO. The intensification of dense-water formation at high southern latitudes during the height of greenhouse warming is unexpected but aligns with recent research that underscores the complexity of global thermohaline circulation. Here, we provide supplementary information, including the methodology for measuring carbon and oxygen stable isotopes, as well as neodymium isotopes, along with the resulting data. Additionally, we include the age models and the paleogeographic framework.