Taxonomic revision of fleshy species of <i>Hydnellum</i>, <i>Neosarcodon </i>and <i>Sarcodon </i>(<i>Thelephorales</i>) from Australasia

Stipitate <i>Thelephorales </i>are basidiomycetous, mostly hydnoid, ectomycorrhizal fungi. Some species have declined considerably and some are threat-listed as vulnerable or endangered. These ecological concerns require a well-resolved taxonomy to understand diversity in this group of fungi and facilitate conservation. However, phylogenetic studies have mostly neglected Southern Hemisphere representatives. This study examines the fleshy species of stipitate <i>Thelephorales </i>from native forests in Australia and New Zealand, using morphological analyses and phylogenetic analyses of nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode) and D1–D2 domains at the 5’ end of nuc 28S rDNA (28S) sequences amplified from DNA isolated from fungarium collections and environmental DNA (eDNA) sequences from the Australian Microbiome Initiative. Five new species, <i>Sarcodon </i><i>austrofibulatus</i>, <i>Hydnellum </i><i>gatesiae</i>, <i>H. nothofagacearum</i>, <i>H. pseudoioeides</i>, and <i>H. variisporum</i>, are described, <i>Sarcodon carbonarius</i> is transferred to <i>Neosarcodon</i>, and a key is provided for the six named species in the region. <i>Boletopsis </i>and <i>Neosarcodon </i>are reported from Australia for the first time based on detections from eDNA in soil samples taken from native forests. The Australasian species of <i>Hydnellum </i>occupy a highly derived position with the phylogeny of the genus, the members of which are otherwise all from the Northern Hemisphere, suggestive of a long distance dispersal origin for the Australasian species.

具柄革菌目（Thelephorales）真菌隶属于担子菌门，多数为具齿状子实层的外生菌根真菌（ectomycorrhizal fungi）。部分物种种群已出现大幅衰减，部分被列入受威胁物种名录，等级为易危或濒危。此类生态保育需求亟需一套分辨率完善的分类系统，以厘清该类真菌的物种多样性并助力保护工作。然而过往的系统发育研究大多忽略了南半球类群。
本研究针对澳大利亚与新西兰原生林中的具柄革菌目肉质类群展开研究，采用形态学分析与系统发育分析手段，分析序列涵盖从标本馆馆藏标本提取的DNA扩增得到的核核糖体DNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2（ITS条形码，ITS barcode）片段，以及核28S核糖体DNA 5'端D1-D2结构域（28S）序列，同时整合了澳大利亚微生物组计划（Australian Microbiome Initiative）获取的环境DNA（eDNA）序列。
本研究描述了5个新物种：澳南纤维肉齿菌（Sarcodon austrofibulatus）、盖茨厚顶孢菌（Hydnellum gatesiae）、南山毛榉伴生厚顶孢菌（Hydnellum nothofagacearum）、类拟毒厚顶孢菌（Hydnellum pseudoioeides）以及多孢厚顶孢菌（Hydnellum variisporum）；将炭色肉齿菌（Sarcodon carbonarius）转入新肉齿菌属（Neosarcodon），并为该区域已命名的6个物种提供了分类检索表。
本研究首次基于原生林土壤样本的环境DNA检测结果，在澳大利亚报道了褶孔菌属（Boletopsis）与新肉齿菌属（Neosarcodon）的分布记录。澳大拉西亚地区的厚顶孢菌属（Hydnellum）物种在该属的系统发育树中处于高度衍生的分支位置，而该属其余类群均分布于北半球，这表明澳大拉西亚的该类群物种可能起源于长距离扩散事件。

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集是一个真菌分类学修订研究，聚焦于澳大利亚和新西兰地区的肉质Hydnellum、Neosarcodon和Sarcodon属物种。它通过形态学和分子系统发育分析（基于ITS和28S rDNA序列），描述了5个新物种，并首次在澳大利亚检测到Boletopsis和Neosarcodon属，为南半球真菌多样性和保护提供了关键数据。