Levels of Schistosoma-induced cytokine responses in 72 h whole blood cultures (n = 200).

Blood samples from one individual were divided into five and stimulated with Schistosoma antigens (SEAm, SEAh, AWAm, or AWAh), and with medium only (negative control; see Materials and Methods).aCrude cytokine levels are reported. IQR: Interquartile range (Tukey's hinges).bWilcoxon Signed Rank test comparing S. mansoni- and S. haematobium-induced cytokine levels within individuals (either for SEA or AWA).cSchistosoma egg antigen.dAdult worm antigen.