Comparison of enemy damage and occurrence in introduced (Hawaii) and native red mangroves (Panama, Belize, Florida, USA)

When introduced to a new region, non-native species are thought to experience an ecological release from the enemies that control them (e.g., herbivores, parasites, pathogens). This release from enemies may explain why some non-native species thrive and spread in invaded habitats (Enemy Release Hypothesis). In this study, we used the invasion of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) in Hawaii as a model system to test the Enemy Release Hypothesis.We conducted replicated surveys and field experiments to compare marine and terrestrial enemy damage and occurrence in 8-10 sites in Hawaii (Oahu, Molokai, Hawaii Island, Kauai) where red mangroves are invasive to 8-10 sites where mangroves are native (Panama, Belize, Florida). In each site, we measured the occurrence of enemies using timed visual surveys, damage to mangrove structures (leaves, buds, dead twigs, aerial roots, propagules), and the rate of propagule herbivory using a propagule tethering experiment.The resulting datasets attached here provide information on these surveys, percentage of damage observed on different mangrove structures, and the results from a propagule tethering study (2014-2015).For additional information please see: Davidson, T.M., C.M. Smith, and M.E. Torchin. (Accepted) Introduced mangroves escape damage from marine and terrestrial enemies. Ecology.