Ethnic inequality impacts after 10 years from two sodium reduction interventions (CVD mortality rates, rate ratios and rate differences, and QALYs gained for individuals given model structure assumptions and parameter inputs for selected age-groups).

a CVD mortality rates in 2021, and rate differences in CVD mortality rates, per 100,000 population. The CVD mortality rates were calculated by dividing all CVD deaths generated by the Markov model in the year 2021 by the number of people who were alive in that year (because we expected that the mortality rates would be stable after 10 years of starting the interventions). Rate differences and ratios for Māori compared with non-Māori (within sex by age-group). All rates started as per those in 2011 (they decrease by 2% per annum up to 2031, then remain constant, in the actual Markov model).b QALYs gained are per individual in the relevant age/sex/ethnic group accumulated over the 10 year period from 2011 to 2021 (all discounted at 3%). These are over and above the total expected QALYs in remaining life in the “Do Nothing” scenario (also discounted at 3%).c In an “equity analysis” we applied non-Māori mortality rates and non-Māori levels of morbidity (prevalent years lived with disability [pYLDs]) to both Māori and non-Māori (this effectively expanded the envelope for potential health gain for Māori).Ethnic inequality impacts after 10 years from two sodium reduction interventions (CVD mortality rates, rate ratios and rate differences, and QALYs gained for individuals given model structure assumptions and parameter inputs for selected age-groups).