Reduced Threat-Related Neural Efficiency: A Possible Biomarker for Pediatric Anxiety Disorder.
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## Reduced Threat-Related Neural Efficiency: A Possible Biomarker for Pediatric Anxiety Disorder A comprehensive dataset characterizing a sample of youth aged 8 to 18 years using clinical assessments, structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Data was collected at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, Maryland by the Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience (SDAN). The pre-processing and analysis scripts are shared on the study GitHub repository (https://github.com/NIMH-SDAN/Neural.Efficiency.2025). This dataset allows an array of investigations into brain function and anxiety in youth. This dataset is licensed under the Creative Commons Zero (CC0) v1.0 License. ## Participant Eligibility and Characteristics ### Inclusion Criteria ##Participants in the study met the following inclusion criteria: Aged 8 to 18 years and spoke English Met the criteria for an anxiety disorder (i.e., separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, panic disorder) as assessed with the KSADS. Did NOT meet the criteria for any psychiatric disorder (i.e., healthy volunteer, HV) as assessed with the KSADS ### Exclusion Criteria Participants meeting any of the criteria listed below were excluded from the study: Neurological disorders Pervasive developmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder) Psychosis Bipolar disorders Substance use Externalizing disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) Any medical condition that increases risk for MRI (e.g., pacemaker, metallic foreign body in eye, dental braces) MRI contraindications (e.g., claustrophobia, pregnancy) Full-scale IQ < 70 ### Consent Institutional Review Board approval, parent or guardian consent, and child assent were obtained. To characterize the sample, we collected data on participants' race/ethnicity and family income. ### Clinical Measures Completed by Participants : Screen for Child Related Anxiety Disorders (youth-SCARED) Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) ### Completed by Participants' parents/caregivers: Screen for Child Related Anxiety Disorders (parent-ARI) ### Completed by Clinicians: Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders (KSADS) Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS) ## Imaging Protocol Before and after treatment, data on brain structure and function were acquired on a 3.0 Tesla General Electric scanner with an 8- (Cohort 1) or 32-channel (Cohort 2) head coil. ### Functional magnetic resonance imaging data during rest Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) changes were measured with a T2*-weighted sequence while participants passively viewed a fixation cross for 12 minutes (i.e., resting-state). In both cohorts, the repetition time (TR) was 2000 msec. In cohort 1, the echo time (TE) was 30 msec. In cohort 2, multiple echoes were recorded (TE1, 2, 3 = 14.8, 28.4, 42.0 msec). In cohort 1, the flip angle was 90° and in cohort 2, 77°. Across both cohorts, the matrix size was 64x64. However, in cohort 1, we acquired 36 axial interleaved slices with a slice thickness of 4 mm, whereas in cohort 2, we acquired 34 slices with a slice thickness of 3.8 mm. ### Functional magnetic resonance imaging data during the dot-probe task We also acquired functional magnetic resonance imaging data during a 14-minute emotional dot-probe task. In both cohorts, the TR was 2300 msec, the matrix size was 96x96, and the slice thickness was 3 mm. However, there were differences between cohorts in the echo time (cohort 1: 25 msec, cohort 2: 30 msec), the flip angle (cohort 1: 50°, cohort 2: 70°), and the number of the axial interleaved slices (cohort 1: 41, cohort 2: 44). Further, task data was acquired before the resting-state scan in cohort 1, but that order was reversed in cohort 2 ### T1-weighted Scans Acquired for most participants with TR = 7.6 ms, TE = 3.5 ms, no gap, matrix size = 256x256. Depending on the participant's head size, there were different numbers of slices acquired, although this was 176 slices for most participants in the sample. The slice thickness = 1 mm. ## Description of Data Formats and Preparation ### Clinical Measures Data Each clinical assessment has a tabular data file (TSV format) and a corresponding data dictionary (JSON format). The n/a values indicate that the question may have been skipped over by the participant or not presented to/asked of the participant. ### Imaging Data Imaging data in this study is distributed in NifTI format. The images were acquired with a 3.0 Tesla field strength and were oriented in the axial plane. Visual inspection was performed to exclude any images with significant artifacts or distortions. We have de-identified the anatomical scans by defacing the scans using the DSST Defacing Pipeline. ### Shared dataset Of the 206 enrolled participants, 149 participants consented to share their data publicly and are therefore included in the dataset.
《威胁相关神经效能降低：儿童焦虑障碍的潜在生物标志物》 本数据集为8至18岁青少年样本的综合表征数据，采集手段包括临床评估、结构磁共振成像（structural magnetic resonance imaging, sMRI）与功能磁共振成像（functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI）。 该数据由美国马里兰州贝塞斯达市美国国家精神卫生研究院（National Institute of Mental Health, NIMH）的发展与情感神经科学科室（Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, SDAN）完成采集。预处理与分析脚本已上传至本研究的GitHub仓库（https://github.com/NIMH-SDAN/Neural.Efficiency.2025）。本数据集可支持一系列青少年脑功能与焦虑相关研究。 本数据集采用知识共享零授权（Creative Commons Zero, CC0）v1.0协议进行许可。 ### 参与者入组标准与特征 #### 入组标准 本研究参与者需满足以下全部入组条件： 1. 年龄介于8至18岁，且能使用英语进行交流； 2. 通过Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia（KSADS）评估符合焦虑障碍诊断标准，包括分离焦虑障碍、广泛性焦虑障碍、社交恐惧症、惊恐障碍； 3. 经KSADS评估未符合任何精神障碍诊断标准，即健康志愿者（healthy volunteer, HV）。 #### 排除标准 满足以下任意一项条件的参与者将被排除出本研究： 1. 神经系统疾病； 2. 全面发育障碍，如孤独症谱系障碍； 3. 精神病性障碍； 4. 双相情感障碍； 5. 物质使用障碍； 6. 对立违抗障碍（Oppositional Defiant Disorder, ODD）等外化性障碍； 7. 任何增加磁共振成像风险的内科疾病，如心脏起搏器、眼部金属异物、牙科矫治器； 8. 磁共振成像禁忌证，如幽闭恐惧症、妊娠状态； 9. 全量表智商＜70。 #### 知情同意 本研究已获得伦理审查委员会批准，同时获取了受试者家长/监护人的知情同意以及儿童本人的知情同意。为表征样本特征，本研究收集了参与者的种族/族裔与家庭收入数据。 ### 临床评估工具 #### 参与者自行完成的评估： 儿童相关焦虑障碍筛查量表（youth-SCARED）、韦氏简智力量表（Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, WASI） #### 参与者父母/照料者完成的评估： 儿童相关焦虑障碍家长筛查量表（parent-ARI） #### 临床医师完成的评估： Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia（KSADS）、儿童整体评估量表（Children's Global Assessment Scale, CGAS）、儿科焦虑评定量表（Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale, PARS） ### 成像协议 在治疗前后，研究使用3.0特斯拉通用电气磁共振扫描仪，搭配8通道（队列1）或32通道（队列2）头部线圈，采集脑结构与功能成像数据。 #### 静息态功能磁共振成像数据 当受试者被动注视固定十字12分钟（即静息态扫描）时，采用T2*加权序列采集血氧水平依赖（Blood-oxygen-level-dependent, BOLD）信号变化。两个队列的重复时间（repetition time, TR）均为2000毫秒。队列1的回波时间（echo time, TE）为30毫秒；队列2则采集多回波数据（TE1、TE2、TE3分别为14.8、28.4、42.0毫秒）。队列1的翻转角为90°，队列2为77°。两个队列的矩阵大小均为64×64，但队列1采集36层轴向交错切片，层厚4毫米；队列2采集34层轴向交错切片，层厚3.8毫米。 #### 情绪点探测任务态功能磁共振成像数据 本研究同时采集了14分钟情绪点探测任务的功能磁共振成像数据。两个队列的重复时间（TR）均为2300毫秒，矩阵大小均为96×96，层厚均为3毫米。但两个队列在回波时间、翻转角与轴向交错切片层数上存在差异：队列1的回波时间为25毫秒，翻转角为50°，轴向切片层数为41层；队列2的回波时间为30毫秒，翻转角为70°，轴向切片层数为44层。此外，队列1先采集任务态数据再采集静息态数据，队列2则采用相反的扫描顺序。 #### T1加权成像扫描 多数受试者的T1加权成像扫描参数为：TR=7.6毫秒，TE=3.5毫秒，无间隔，矩阵大小256×256。根据受试者头围大小，采集的切片层数有所不同，但本样本多数受试者为176层，层厚1毫米。 ### 数据格式与预处理说明 #### 临床评估数据 每项临床评估均包含表格格式（TSV）数据文件与对应的数据字典（JSON格式）。数据中的“n/a”表示该问题可能被受试者跳过，或未向受试者展示/询问。 #### 成像数据 本研究的成像数据以NifTI格式分发。所有成像数据均采用3.0特斯拉场强采集，轴位定向。研究人员已进行视觉检查，排除存在明显伪影或畸变的图像。 研究团队已使用DSST面部遮挡处理管线（DSST Defacing Pipeline）对解剖影像进行面部遮挡以完成去标识化处理。 #### 共享数据集 本研究共纳入206名登记参与者，其中149名受试者同意公开共享其数据，因此被纳入本数据集。
