527 singleton fetuses/infants with adverse pregnancy/neonatal/growth outcomes designated as the case group, out of 19 187 pregnant women.

*Spontaneous intrauterine death of a fetus from gestation week 20 but before delivery.†Fetal/infant death during delivery, which was not associated with improper management.§Including symptomatic abnormalities at birth and delayed or progressive abnormalities at follow-up, such as congenital heart diseases (12), congenital hydrocephalus and cerebral palsy (6), skull deformity (2), facial deformity (lip/cleft palate, etc. 15), strabismus (2) and amblyopia (3), dysaudia or hearing loss (4), congenital esophageal atresia (1) and megacolon (2), skeletal deformities (spine curvature, thoracic deformity, hand/foot deformity, etc. 17), and others (4).¶Identified based on child’s weight or height of less than two standard deviations below the mean for age, sex and district.527 singleton fetuses/infants with adverse pregnancy/neonatal/growth outcomes designated as the case group, out of 19 187 pregnant women.