Housing Exchange Framework to Reduce Carbon Emissions from Commuting

The sample was drawn from a household housing and travel survey conducted by the authors' research team in Beijing between Oct 9th of 2020 and March 16th of 2021. Both on-street surveys and web surveys are applied. On-street surveys were conducted at main subway stations and large industrial/cultural parks, while web surveys were distributed via major social networks (e.g., WeChat groups). The survey uses the convenience sampling, as participants were selected based on accessibility and availability. This approach was chosen due to the practical challenges of conducting random sampling in a large and diverse urban area like Beijing. The sample was drawn from a household housing and travel survey (named ``Wohnen-Arbeiten-Mobilitaet survey'') jointly conducted by the chair of urban development and chair of land use and transport at the Technical University of Munich between Nov 24th, 2014 until April 16th, 2015, in Munich. Both web surveys and post surveys are applied. This survey has received ethics approval to process individual data. The web survey was posted on a public portal site (www.wam.tum.de) and promoted through newsletters, press conferences, and social media, while postcards with QR codes were sent to residential communities with the help of partner municipalities. This survey uses convenience sampling, as participants were recruited through easily accessible channels. This approach was chosen due to the practical challenges of conducting random sampling in a large, collaborative project involving multiple stakeholders. The sample was drawn from a Household Travel Survey (HTS) conducted by Land Transport Authority (LTA) in Singapore in 2012. The survey uses a stratified random sampling method to ensure that the survey captures a diverse range of households. The sample is stratified based on key demographic factors such as: Geographical locations (includes households from across all of Singapore’s planning regions), housing type, income levels, and household size and structure. The HTS collects information on housing location and various aspects of travel, including how respondents commute to work, school, and town centers. All the household members participated the survey. Among to 5.31 million of the population in 2012, 9635 households (35714 individuals) participated in the HTS survey. Among which, 7418 households (12048 employed individuals) are valid with full information of the selected variables. The representativeness of the sample is relatively good (Table \ref{tab_socio_economics_sg}), which improves the generalizability of the survey results.