Characteristics of the participants at time 1 and time 2, by study.

†N is the maximum sample size in age and sex adjusted analyses at either time 1 or time 2. Results are presented as mean (SD), unless otherwise stated and are based on complete case analysis. Physical performance measures are taken from time 1. Covariates are given at time 1 unless otherwise stated. Health status was at time 2 in CaPS.
aWalking speed in HAS is based on a 3 m walk at normal page and in LBC1921 it is a 6 m walk undertaken as quickly but as safely as possible.
bWalking speed in CaPS and NSHD is based on the get up and go test (TUG), which involves walking 6 m at a normal pace.
cStanding balance in CaPS, HAS and NSHD is a one-legged stand for 30 s. Median balance times (and inter-quartile range) and cut-point times for bottom 20% are given.
dChair rise speed in stands/minute is calculated as the number of stands (5 in HAS and 10 in NSHD)/time taken for those stands.