Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006 - Viet Nam

Abstract
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The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is a household survey programme developed by UNICEF to assist countries in filling data gaps for monitoring human development in general and the situation of children and women in particular. MICS is capable of producing statistically sound, internationally comparable estimates of social indicators. The Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey provides valuable information on the situation of children and women in Viet Nam, and was based, in large part, on the needs to monitor progress towards goals and targets emanating from recent international agreements: the Millennium Declaration, adopted by all 191 United Nations Member States in September 2000, and the Plan of Action of A World Fit For Children, adopted by 189 Member States at the United Nations Special Session on Children in May 2002. Both of these commitments build upon promises made by the international community at the 1990 World Summit for Children.

Survey Objectives:
The 2006 Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey has as its primary objectives:
- To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in Viet Nam;
- To furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established by the Millennium Development Goals, the goals of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action;
- To provide valuable information for the 3rd and 4th National Report of Vietnam's implementation of the Convention on the child rights in the period 2002-2007 as well as for monitoring the National Plan of Action for Children 2001-2010.
- To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in Viet Nam and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems.

Survey Content
Following the MICS global questionnaire templates, the questionnaires were designed in a modular fashion customized to the needs of Viet Nam. The questionnaires consist of a household questionnaire, a questionnaire for women aged 15-49 and a questionnaire for children under the age of five (to be administered to the mother or caretaker).

Survey Implementation
The Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was carried by General Statistics Office of Viet Nam (GSO) in collaboration with Viet Nam Committee for Population, Family and Children (VCPFC). Financial and technical support was provided by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Technical assistance and training for the survey was provided through a series of regional workshops organised by UNICEF covering questionnaire content, sampling and survey implementation; data processing; data quality and data analysis; report writing and dissemination.

Geographic coverage
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The survey is nationally representative and covers the whole of Viet Nam.

Analysis unit
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Households (defined as a group of persons who usually live and eat together)

Household members (defined as members of the household who usually live in the household, which may include people who did not sleep in the household the previous night, but does not include visitors who slept in the household the previous night but do not usually live in the household)

Women aged 15-49

Children aged 0-4

Universe
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The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49 years resident in the household, and all children aged 0-4 years (under age 5) resident in the household.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sample for the Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was designed to provide reliable estimates on a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for 8 regions: Red River Delta, North West, North East, North Central Coast, South Central Coast, Central Highlands, South East, and Mekong River Delta. Regions were identified as the main sampling domains and the sample was selected in two stages. At the first stage 250 census enumeration areas (EA) were selected, of which all 240 EAs of MICS2 with systematic method were reselected and 10 new EAs were added. The addition of 10 more EAs (together with the increase in the sample size) was to increase the reliability level for regional estimates. Consequently, within each region, 30-33 EAs were selected for MICS3. After a household listing was carried out within the selected enumeration areas, a systematic sample of 1/3 of households in each EA was drawn. The survey managed to visit all of 250 selected EAs during the fieldwork period. The sample was stratified by region and is not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights are used. A more detailed description of the sample design can be found in the technical documents and in Appendix A of the final report.

Sampling deviation
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No major deviations from the original sample design were made. All sample enumeration areas were accessed and successfully interviewed with good response rates.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face

Research instrument
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The questionnaires are based on the MICS3 model questionnaire. From the MICS3 model English version, the questionnaires were translated in to Vietnamese and were pretested in one province (Bac Giang) during July 2006. Based on the results of this pre-test, modifications were made to the wording and translation of the questionnaires.

Cleaning operations
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Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing (see Other processing), including:
a) Office editing and coding
b) During data entry
c) Structure checking and completeness
d) Secondary editing
e) Structural checking of SPSS data files

Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the data processing guidelines in the MICS manual http://www.childinfo.org/mics/mics3/manual.php.

Response rate
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8356 households were selected for the sample. Of these all were found to be occupied households and 8355 were successfully interviewed for a response rate of 100%. Within these households, 10063 eligible women aged 15-49 were identified for interview, of which 9473 were successfully interviewed (response rate 94.1%), and 2707 children aged 0-4 were identified for whom the mother or caretaker was successfully interviewed for 2680 children (response rate 99%).

Sampling error estimates
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Estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: 1) non-sampling errors and 2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in the implementation of data collection and data processing. Numerous efforts were made during implementation of the MICS - 3 to minimize this type of error, however, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents to the MICS - 3 is only one of many possible samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that different somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability in the results of the survey between all possible samples, and, although, the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results. The sampling errors are measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean or percentage), which is the square root of the variance. Confidence intervals are calculated for each statistic within which the true value for the population can be assumed to fall. Plus or minus two standard errors of the statistic is used for key statistics presented in MICS, equivalent to a 95 percent confidence interval.

If the sample of respondents had been a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulae for calculating sampling errors. However, the MICS - 3 sample is the result of a two-stage stratified design, and consequently needs to use more complex formulae. The SPSS complex samples module has been used to calculate sampling errors for the MICS - 3. This module uses the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. This method is documented in the SPSS file CSDescriptives.pdf found under the Help, Algorithms options in SPSS.

Sampling errors have been calculated for a select set of statistics (all of which are proportions due to the limitations of the Taylor linearization method) for the national sample, urban and rural areas, and for each of the five regions. For each statistic, the estimate, its standard error, the coefficient of variation (or relative error -- the ratio between the standard error and the estimate), the design effect, and the square root design effect (DEFT -- the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the standard error that would result if a simple random sample had been used), as well as the 95 percent confidence intervals (+/-2 standard errors).

Data appraisal
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A series of data quality tables and graphs are available to review the quality of the data and include the following:

Age distribution of the household population
Age distribution of eligible women and interviewed women
Age distribution of eligible children and children for whom the mother or caretaker was interviewed
Age distribution of children under age 5 by 3 month groups
Age and period ratios at boundaries of eligibility
Percent of observations with missing information on selected variables
Presence of mother in the household and person interviewed for the under 5 questionnaire
School attendance by single year age
Sex ratio at birth among children ever born, surviving and dead by age of respondent
Distribution of women by time since last birth
Population pyramid

The results of each of these data quality tables are shown in the appendix of the final report.

The general rule for presentation of missing data in the final report tabulations is that a column is presented for missing data if the percentage of cases with missing data is 1% or more. Cases with missing data on the background characteristics (e.g. education) are included in the tables, but the missing data rows are suppressed and noted at the bottom of the tables in the report (not in the SPSS output, however).

摘要
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联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF）为协助各国填补关于人类发展一般状况以及儿童和妇女特定状况的数据空白，开发了多项指标集群调查（MICS）这一家庭调查项目。MICS能够生成具有统计学严谨性、国际可比性的社会指标估计值。越南多项指标集群调查为越南儿童和妇女的状况提供了宝贵信息，其制定在很大程度上基于监测近期国际协议所设定的目标与指标的必要性，包括2000年9月所有191个联合国会员国通过的千年宣言，以及2002年5月在联合国特别会议上由189个会员国通过的《一个适合儿童的世界》行动计划。这两项承诺均基于国际社会在1990年世界儿童峰会上的承诺。
调查目标：
2006年越南多项指标集群调查的主要目标如下：
- 提供最新信息，以评估越南儿童和妇女的状况；
- 提供数据，以监测实现千年发展目标、‘一个适合儿童的世界’目标及其他国际公认目标进展情况，为未来的行动奠定基础；
- 提供宝贵信息，以编制越南在2002-2007年期间实施《儿童权利公约》的第三和第四次国家报告，以及监测2001-2010年国家行动计划；
- 贡献于越南数据与监测系统的改进，并加强此类系统设计、实施和分析的技术专长。
调查内容：
根据MICS全球问卷模板，问卷以模块化方式设计，以适应越南的需求。问卷包括家庭问卷、15-49岁女性问卷以及5岁以下儿童问卷（由母亲或监护人填写）。
调查实施：
越南多项指标集群调查（MICS）由越南国家统计局（GSO）与越南人口、家庭和儿童委员会（VCPFC）合作开展。联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF）提供了资金和技术支持。通过联合国儿童基金会组织的一系列区域性研讨会，为调查提供了技术援助和培训，内容包括问卷内容、抽样和调查实施；数据处理；数据质量与数据分析；报告撰写和传播。
地理覆盖范围：
调查是全国性的，覆盖越南全境。
分析单元：
家庭（定义为通常共同生活、共同进餐的人员群体）
家庭成员（定义为通常居住在家庭内的人员，可能包括前一晚未在家庭中过夜但通常居住在家庭中的人，但不包括前一晚在家庭中过夜但通常不住在家庭中的访客）
15-49岁女性
0-4岁儿童
总体：
调查覆盖了所有法定家庭成员（常住居民）、所有居住在家庭中的15-49岁女性以及所有居住在家庭中的0-4岁儿童（5岁以下）。
数据类型：
样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序：
越南多项指标集群调查（MICS）的样本设计旨在为国家层面、城市和农村地区以及8个地区（红河三角洲、西北部、东北部、北部沿海、南部沿海、中部高原、东南部和湄公河三角洲）提供关于儿童和妇女状况的大量指标的可靠估计。地区被确定为主要的抽样领域，样本在两个阶段进行选择。第一阶段选择了250个普查区（EA），其中240个MICS2的普查区采用系统方法重新选择，并增加了10个新的普查区。增加10个普查区（连同样本规模的增加）是为了提高地区估计的可靠性水平。因此，在每一个地区，为MICS3选择了30-33个普查区。在所选普查区进行家庭名单登记后，从每个普查区的1/3家庭中抽取了系统样本。在实地调查期间，成功访问了所有250个选定的普查区。样本按地区分层，不具有自加权性。在报告国家层面结果时，使用样本权重。更详细的样本设计描述可在技术文件和最终报告的附录A中找到。
抽样偏差：
没有对原始样本设计进行重大偏差。所有样本普查区均被访问并成功访谈，响应率良好。
数据收集方式：
面对面
研究工具：
问卷基于MICS3模型问卷。从MICS3模型英文版翻译成越南文，并在2006年7月在（巴地省）进行预测试。根据预测试的结果，对问卷的文字和翻译进行了修改。
清理操作：
在数据处理过程中，包括以下阶段进行了数据编辑：
a) 办公室编辑和编码
b) 数据录入过程中
c) 结构检查和完整性检查
d) 二次编辑
e) SPSS数据文件的结构检查
有关数据编辑的详细文档可在MICS手册的数据处理指南中找到。
响应率：
选择了8356个家庭作为样本。其中所有家庭均被找到并占用，8355个家庭成功接受了访谈，响应率为100%。在这些家庭中，确定了10063名符合条件的15-49岁女性，其中9473名成功接受了访谈（响应率为94.1%），并确定了2707名0-4岁儿童，其中母亲或监护人成功接受了2680名儿童的访谈（响应率为99%）。
抽样误差估计：
样本调查的估计值受到两种类型误差的影响：1) 非抽样误差和2) 抽样误差。非抽样误差是数据收集和处理实施过程中所犯错误的结果。在MICS-3的实施过程中，采取了大量努力以最大限度地减少此类误差，然而，非抽样误差是无法避免且难以进行统计评估的。
抽样误差可以统计评估。MICS-3的受访者样本只是从同一总体中可能选择出的许多样本之一，使用相同的方案和预期规模。每个这样的样本都会产生与实际选择的样本结果略有不同的结果。抽样误差是衡量所有可能样本之间调查结果变异性的指标，尽管变异的程度并不完全清楚，但可以从调查结果中估计出来。抽样误差以特定统计量（均值或百分比）的标准误差来衡量，这是方差的平方根。对于每个统计量，计算置信区间，其中可以假设真实值落在该区间内。MICS中展示的关键统计数据使用加减两个标准误差，相当于95%的置信区间。
如果受访者样本是简单随机样本，则可以使用简单的公式来计算抽样误差。然而，MICS-3样本是两阶段分层设计的产物，因此需要使用更复杂的公式。使用了SPSS复杂样本模块来计算MICS-3的抽样误差。此模块使用泰勒线性化方法估计用于均值或比例的样本估计方差。该方法在SPSS帮助选项下的算法选项中找到的SPSS文件CSDescriptives.pdf中有文档说明。
已为选定的一组统计数据（由于泰勒线性化方法的限制，所有这些数据都是比例）计算了国家样本、城市和农村地区以及每个五个地区的抽样误差。对于每个统计量，估计值、其标准误差、变异系数（或相对误差——标准误差与估计值的比率）、设计效应以及设计效应的平方根（DEFT——使用给定样本设计计算的标准误差与使用简单随机样本将产生标准误差的比率），以及95%的置信区间（加减2个标准误差）。
数据评估：
提供了一系列数据质量表格和图表，以审查数据质量，包括以下内容：
家庭人口年龄分布
符合条件女性和受访女性的年龄分布
符合条件儿童和母亲或监护人访谈的儿童的年龄分布
5岁以下儿童按三个月一组年龄的年龄分布
符合资格边界处的年龄和时期比率
选定变量缺失信息的观测值百分比
家庭中母亲的存在和为5岁以下问卷访谈的人员
按单一年龄的学龄儿童
受访儿童出生时性别比
出生儿童、存活和死亡儿童的性别比
按上次分娩时间划分女性的分布
人口金字塔
每个数据质量表格的结果均显示在最终报告的附录中。
最终报告中缺失数据的展示规则是，如果缺失数据的案例百分比达到1%或更多，则应展示缺失数据列。具有背景特征（例如教育）缺失数据的案例包含在表格中，但缺失数据行在报告底部被压制并注明（但在SPSS输出中除外）。