Average spillover effects from protection proxied by the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT).

The ATT captures the probability of forest loss in the unprotected portions of properties due to protection. In this case, a pixel is considered treated if it is within the unprotected portion of a protected property; the control group comprises of pixels located in fully unprotected properties. The standard errors are given in parentheses and confidence intervals corresponding to each significance level—in square brackets. nt, nmc, ncp indicate treated (on support), matched control, and control pool observations, respectively. A negative sign of the ATT indicates that protection reduced the probability of forest loss.