SDG 13 India Index Indicator CLIMATE ACTION (2019-20)

Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts The greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are driving climate change and continue to rise. They are now at their highest levels in history. Global emissions of carbon dioxide have increased by almost 50% since 1990. The atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years. Carbon dioxide concentrations have increased by 40% since pre-industrial times, primarily from fossil fuel emissions and secondarily from net land use change emissions. The ocean has absorbed about 30% of the emitted anthropogenic carbon dioxide, causing ocean acidification. Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850. In the Northern Hemisphere, 1983-2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1,400 years. From 1880 to 2012, average global temperature increased by 0.85°C. Without action, the world’s average surface temperature is projected to rise over the 21st century and is likely to surpass 3 degrees Celsius this century – with some areas of the world, including in the tropics and subtropics, expected to warm even more. The poorest and most vulnerable people are being affected the most. The rate of sea level rise since the mid-19th century has been larger than the mean rate during the previous two millennia. Over the period 1901 to 2010, global mean sea level rose by 0.19 [0.17 to 0.21] meters. From 1901 to 2010, the global average sea level rose by 19 cm as oceans expanded due to warming and melted ice. The Arctic’s sea ice extent has shrunk in every successive decade since 1979, with 1.07 million km² of ice loss every decade. It is still possible, using an array of technological measures and changes in behaviour, to limit the increase in global mean temperature to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. There are multiple mitigation pathways to achieve the substantial emissions reductions over the next few decades necessary to limit, with a greater than 66% chance, the warming to 2ºC – the goal set by governments. However, delaying additional mitigation to 2030 will substantially increase the technological, economic, social and institutional challenges associated with limiting the warming over the 21 century to below 2 ºC relative to pre-industrial levels. India has committed to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 20 to 25% by 2020. Data source:https://sdgindiaindex.niti.gov.in/#/download This web layer is offered by Esri India, for ArcGIS Online subscribers, If you have any questions or comments, please let us know via [e-mail].目标13：采取紧急行动应对气候变化及其影响。人类活动产生的温室气体排放（greenhouse gas emissions）正在加剧气候变化，且排放量仍在持续攀升，目前已达历史峰值。自1990年以来，全球二氧化碳（carbon dioxide）排放量已增长近50%。二氧化碳、甲烷（methane）与一氧化二氮（nitrous oxide）的大气浓度，至少在过去80万年中达到了前所未有的水平。自工业化前时代（pre-industrial times）以来，二氧化碳浓度已上升40%，其排放来源主要为化石燃料，其次为土地利用变化带来的净排放。海洋已吸收约30%的人为排放二氧化碳（anthropogenic carbon dioxide），由此引发了海洋酸化（ocean acidification）。自1850年以来，近三个十年的地球表面平均温度，均依次高于此前任何一个十年。在北半球（Northern Hemisphere），1983-2012年很可能是过去1400年中最热的30年周期。1880年至2012年，全球平均气温上升了0.85℃。若不采取行动，预计21世纪全球地表平均气温将持续上升，本世纪末很可能突破3℃，全球部分区域（包括热带与亚热带地区）的升温幅度预计将更高。其中最贫困、最脆弱的人群受影响最为严重。自19世纪中期以来，海平面上升（sea level rise）速率已超过此前两千年的平均水平。1901年至2010年期间，全球平均海平面上升了0.19米（区间为0.17至0.21米）；1901年至2010年，因海洋受热膨胀与冰川融化，全球平均海平面上升了19厘米。自1979年以来，北极海冰范围在每个十年均出现缩减，每十年减少107万平方公里。通过一系列技术手段与行为变革，仍有可能将全球平均气温较工业化前时代水平的升幅限制在2℃以内。各国政府已设定将全球变暖控制在2℃以内的目标，要实现该目标，需在未来数十年内完成大幅减排，目前存在多种减排路径，可将升温控制在2℃以内的概率提升至66%以上。但若将额外的减排行动推迟至2030年，相较于工业化前水平将21世纪升温控制在2℃以内的目标，届时所需克服的技术、经济、社会与制度挑战将大幅增加。印度已承诺，到2020年将其GDP的排放强度降低20%至25%。数据来源：https://sdgindiaindex.niti.gov.in/#/download 本网络图层由Esri印度公司为ArcGIS Online订阅用户提供，如有任何疑问或意见，请通过[e-mail]与我们联系。