Characteristics according to baseline IIS status and category of ΔHOMA-IR.

IIS, impaired insulin secretion; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high density lipoprotein. Non-IIS, insulinogenic index >51.7 pmol/mmol (40.0 µU/mg); IIS, insulinogenic index ≤51.7 pmol/mmol (40.0 µU/mg). A decrease group consisted of individuals with a decrease (<0) in HOMA-IR, whereas those with no change or an increase in HOMA-IR were divided into tertiles; a no change/small increase group, tertile 1 (0.00–0.16); a moderate increase group, tertile 2 (0.17–0.40); and a large increase group, tertile 3 (≥0.41). Δ = follow-up examination minus baseline examination. Pre-diabetes, 6.1 mmol/l ≤ fasting plasma glucose <7.0 mmol/l and/or 7.8 mmol/l ≤2 h post-load plasma glucose <11.1 mmol/l. Dichotomous and categorical data were analyzed by χ2 test, and are shown as number (%). Continuous, normally distributed data were analyzed by analysis of covariance with adjustments for age and sex, and are shown as age- and sex-adjusted mean (95% confidence interval). Continuous, non-normally distributed data (insulinogenic index and triacylglycerol) were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis H tests, and are shown as median (25th, 75th percentile). Characteristics according to baseline IIS status and category of ΔHOMA-IR.