Fabrication of Z-Scheme CuPc/TiO2 heterojunctions with oriented charge transport channels for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is an important technique used to study the crystal structure of materials.In this study, all the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Bruker D8 ADVANCE diffractometer equipped with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15418 nm) to obtain information on the crystal structure.Solid-state UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) measures the light absorption performance and bandgap width of catalysts. In this study, the TU-1901 instrument model was utilized for these measurements.Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was employed to analyze the different characteristic functional groups, molecular structures, and chemical compositions of the samples. The FTIR-650G infrared spectrometer was used in this research.Photoluminescence spectroscopy test (PL) to analyze the complexation process of photogenerated carriers. The instrument model used in this thesis is Fluoro Max4.ElectronScanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is used to analyze the surface morphology, particle size, and other features of the material. The equipment used in this study was the Ultra Plus.