Supplementary Material for: Prognostic Impact of Landiolol in Patients with Acute Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Rates: A Pilot Observational Study

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Guidelines recommend ventricular rate control to &lt;130 bpm during atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) to avoid aggravating deteriorations in cardiac outputs. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact of landiolol in patients with ADHF and AF. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This observational study included 60 patients who were urgently hospitalized with ADHF and presented with AF and a heart rate (HR) ≥130 bpm at admission. The patients were assigned to the landiolol group (<i>n</i> = 37) or the reference group (<i>n</i> = 23) based on their intravenous landiolol use within 24 h after admission. The primary endpoint was death from any cause. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The groups’ baseline characteristics were similar. A significant HR reduction occurred in the landiolol group at 2 h after admission. Compared with the reference group, the HR was significantly lower (111.6 vs. 97.9 bpm, <i>p</i> = 0.02) and the absolute HR reduction was greater (−32.2 vs. −50.0 bpm, <i>p</i> = 0.006) in the landiolol group at 48 h after admission. The landiolol group’s mortality rate was significantly lower than that in the reference group (log-rank test, <i>p</i> = 0.032). landiolol use within 24 h after admission was independently associated with lower all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.15, 95% confidence interval: 0.02–0.92). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Patients with ADHF and AF who received landiolol for rate control during the acute phase had better prognoses than those who did not receive landiolol.