XRD pattern for Fe3O4-Pd nanoparticles

The provided XRD in Figure 3 lists several diffraction peaks with their corresponding 2θ values (35.43, 62.52, 30.05, 46.20, 56.95, 40.06, 17.84, 53.28, 68.49°). These peaks are assigned to specific crystallographic planes of Fe₃O₄ and Pd. For Fe₃O₄, the characteristic diffraction peaks typically correspond to a face-centered cubic (fcc) spinel structure. The presence of peaks at 17.84°, 30.05°, 35.43°, 46.20°, 53.28°, 56.95°, and 62.52° can be indexed to the (111), (220), (311), (400), (422), (511), and (440) planes of Fe₃O₄, respectively, confirming the crystalline nature of magnetite [27]. The peaks at 40.06° and 68.49° are assigned to Pd (111) and Pd (220) planes, respectively, indicating the presence of crystalline palladium [28]. The co-existence of both Fe₃O₄ and Pd peaks suggests the formation of a composite material. The data in Table 1 was used to calculate the particle sizes for each peak, which are derived using the Scherrer equation. The average particle size was equal to 10.88 nm.