Reconstructed global mean surface temperature

Estimates of global mean surface temperature change (ΔGMST) for the 8.5–4.5 Ma interval following the methods of Clark et al. (2024, doi:10.1126/science.adi1908 )with slight modification to address the smaller quantity of data, lower number of records (n = 25, Fig. S7), and generally poorer age control in the available Late Miocene and Early Pliocene sea surface temperature (SST) records. Since it was impossible to align records based on benthic δ18O age models, data were binned into 500,000-year wide bins with a 250,000-year shifting bin window instead.