Model estimates and model comparisons (Boerma et al., 2017)

"Purpose: Grammatical morphology is often a locus of difficulty for both children with language impairment (LI) and bilingual children. In contrast to previous research that mainly focused on verbal tense and agreement markings, the present study investigated whether plural and past participle formation can disentangle the effects of LI and bilingualism and, in addition, can point to weaknesses of LI that hold across monolingual and bilingual contexts. Method: Monolingual and bilingual children with and without LI (n = 33 per group) were tested at 2 waves with a word formation task that elicited Dutch noun plurals and past participles. The quantity and quality of errors as well as children’s development over time were examined. Results: The plural formation task discriminated between monolingual children with and without LI, but a less differentiated picture emerged in the bilingual group. Moreover, plural accuracy showed fully overlapping language profiles of monolinguals with LI and bilinguals without LI, in contrast to accuracy scores on the past participle formation task. Error analyses suggested that frequent omission of participial affixes may be indicative of LI, irrespective of lingual status. Conclusion: The elicited production of past participles may support a reliable diagnosis of LI in monolingual and bilingual learning contexts."Supplemental Material S1 contains detailed model estimates and model comparisons. Boerma, T., Wijnen, F., Leseman, P., & Blom, E. (2017). Grammatical morphology in monolingual and bilingual children with and without language impairment: The case of Dutch plurals and past participles. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60, 2064–2080. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0351

目的：语法形态学通常既是语言障碍（LI）儿童，也是双语儿童的难点所在。与以往主要关注动词时态和一致标记的研究不同，本研究旨在探讨复数和过去分词的构成是否能够区分语言障碍（LI）和双语的影响，并且，除此之外，是否能够揭示在单语和双语环境下均存在的语言障碍的弱点。方法：对具有和没有语言障碍（每组33人）的单语和双语儿童在两个波次进行了测试，测试内容为荷兰语名词复数和过去分词的构词任务。考察了错误的数量和质量以及儿童随时间的发展。结果：复数构成任务能够区分有语言障碍和无语言障碍的单语儿童，但在双语组中呈现出更为复杂的图像。此外，复数准确性显示了具有语言障碍的单语儿童和没有语言障碍的双语儿童在语言特征上的完全重叠，这与过去分词构成任务中的准确性分数形成鲜明对比。错误分析表明，频繁省略分词词缀可能是语言障碍的标志，不论其语言状态如何。结论：过去分词的激发性产出可能支持在单语和双语学习环境中对语言障碍的可靠诊断。补充材料S1包含详细的模型估计和模型比较。Boerma, T., Wijnen, F., Leseman, P., & Blom, E. (2017). 单语和双语儿童中具有和没有语言障碍的语法形态学：以荷兰语复数和过去分词为例。言语、语言和听力研究杂志，60，2064–2080. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0351