Metabolic measures in adolescents with obesity

Project description: The study is to measure energy expenditure in obese youth. Clinical, laboratory and indirect calorimetry data from youth with overweight and obesity enrolled in metabolic studies at the university of Colorado and Vanderbilt University are included. Data are from individuals between age 12 years and 21 years, BMI equal to or greater than 85th percentile or BMIz equal to or greater than 1.04 for age and sex, pubertal stage as Tanner 1 - Tanner 5, and no known genetic, structural, or injurious cause of obesity. Youth with PCOS or T2D were included. CHCO included data from 7 unique studies, including one retrospective report, and 7 prospective trials, including NCT030411329, NCT03717935, NCT03919929, NCT02157974, NCT04128995; two studies do not have NCT identification. VUMC included NCT02411461. Study Approval: The study protocols were approved by the respective institutional review boards. Informed consent was obtained from all participants 18 years or older and parental consent and participant assent from all participants &lt;18 years old. Physical characteristics and body composition Body weight and stature were measured to the nearest kilogram and centimeter. BMI was calculated and BMI z-score (BMIz) was determined based on CDC age and sex-based equations. Waist circumference was measured at the narrowest circumference in cm. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), and fat free mass (FFM) – all listed in kg. DXA equipment included Hologic (Discovery, Delphi, and Horizon) at University of Colorado and Lunar Prodigy, GE Medical Systems, Madison, WI at VUMC. Resting energy expenditure Morning fasted indirect calorimetry was collected after a period of at least 30 minutes of supine resting in all participants. Equipment was V Max Encore Carefusion Corp, San Diego CA at University of Colorado, Parvomedics at VUMC. Measured resting energy expenditure is listed in kcal/day, respiratory quotient Laboratory measures: Free fatty acids were measured with enzymatic assay by WaKo Chemicals USA, and listed in UEQ/L. Fasting glucose is listed in mg/dL and fasting insulin in mIU/L. <br><br><br><br><br>