Cytokine–ontogeny interaction shapes macrophage transcriptional states (GM-CSF–derived macrophages)

In GM-CSF–derived macrophages, bulk RNA-seq was performed on five biological replicates per cytokine condition (IL‑4, IFN‑γ, IL‑10, TGF‑β). IL‑4 separated along PC1 (47% variance) but showed no additional Hallmark enrichment. PC2 (25% variance) distinguished the IFN‑γ pole characterized by IRF1/STAT1-regulated genes (Gbp genes, Cxcl9), from IL‑4 and IL‑10/TGF‑β poles, denoting distinct remodeling programs. These data establish an ontogeny‑dependent divergence at the transcriptomic level. GM-CSF–derived macrophages were stimulated with IL‑4, IFN‑γ, IL‑10, TGF‑β, or left untreated (control). Bulk RNA-seq was performed on five biological replicates per condition.