To test whether human in vitro primed Th9 cells recapitulate the core pathogenic Th2 cell phenotype, we differentiated naïve T cells into Th1 (IL-12), Th2 (IL-4), Th9 (IL-4+TGF-β), and iTreg (TGF-β).
Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is a prototype of autoimmune disease. Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most serious complications of SLE. The development of autoreactive B cells and the production
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) promotes protective immunity and autoimmunity downstream of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-12 and IL-23. In experimental autoimm
