First demonstration of improved yield with reduced adiabat in inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility

Laser-driven, indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) recently achieved a target gain greater than one, where fusion energy output exceeds input laser energy [Abu-Shawareb et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 065102 (2024)]. Despite this milestone, gain levels remain insufficient for practical applications such as inertial fusion energy, making performance improvement critical. One promising approach is increasing fuel compression by lowering the implosion adiabat. To explore reduced adiabat, experiments were conducted modifying the laser pulse shape and shock timing of an existing 1.9-MJ-drive implosion design performing near the ignition cliff [Abu-Shawareb et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022)]. These experiments demonstrated increased compression and fusion yield in ICF implosions at the NIF by using a lower fuel adiabat, and increased compression with a reduced adiabat in high-density carbon ablators. The updated design achieved up to 80% higher fusion yield and 14% greater fuel compression compared to the previous bestperforming 1.9-MJ experiment, with repeatable performance, and is the only implosion design to achieve a target gain exceeding one with<2.04 MJ laser energy. Notably, this work was made possible because of recent advances in target quality and pulse shape control allowing experimental access to the ignition regime, and thereby increased sensitivity to adiabat. This work addresses a long-standing question in ICF research and lays the foundation for higher target gains through optimized implosion strategies. It underscores the potential of reduced adiabat designs to enhance compression and fusion yields for future ICF applications.