Sea surface temperature reconstruction for Mediterranean Sea samples

Alkenone unsaturation ratios and planktonic delta18O records from sediment cores of the Alboran, Ionian and Levantine basins in the Mediterranean Sea show pronounced variations in paleo-temperatures and -salinities of surface waters over the last 16,000 years. Average sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are low during the last glacial (averages prior to 13,000 years: 11-15°C), vary rapidly at the beginning of the Holocene, and increase to 17-18°C at all sites during S1 formation (dated between 9500 and 6600 calendar years). The modern temperature gradient (2-3°C) between the Mediterranean sub-basins is maintained during formation of sapropel S1 in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. After S1, SSTs have remained uniform in the Alboran Sea at 18°C and have fluctuated around 20°C in the Ionian and Levantine Basin sites. The delta18O of planktonic foraminifer calcite decreases by 2 per mil from the late glacial to S1 sediments in the Ionian Basin and by 2.8 per mil in the Levantine Basin. […]

地中海阿尔巴兰、伊奥尼亚和黎凡特海盆沉积岩芯中的烯酮不饱和比率和浮游有孔虫的δ18O记录揭示了在过去16,000年内，表层水古温度和古盐度的显著变化。平均海表温度（SSTs）在末次冰期（13,000年以前平均值：11-15°C）期间较低，在全新世初期迅速变化，并在S1形成期（介于9500年至6600年历年前）所有地点均上升至17-18°C。地中海次级海盆之间的现代温度梯度（2-3°C）在东地中海海盆形成S1型腐泥的过程中得以维持。S1形成之后，阿尔巴兰海的平均海表温度保持在18°C，而在伊奥尼亚和黎凡特海盆的地点则波动在20°C左右。伊奥尼亚海盆中浮游有孔虫的δ18O值从末次冰期到S1沉积岩芯下降了2‰，而在黎凡特海盆下降了2.8‰。