Identification and prediction of differentially expressed microRNAs associated with detoxification pathways in larvae of <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>

<i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> poses a severe threat to crops, causing substantial economic losses. Increased use of chemical pesticides has led to resistance in <i>S. frugiperda</i> populations. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal in insect growth and development. This study aims to identify miRNAs across different developmental stages of <i>S. frugiperda</i> to explore differential expression and predict target gene functions. High-throughput sequencing of miRNAs was conducted on eggs, 3rd instar larvae, pupae, and adults.